汉字字形知觉的整合性对部件认知的影响

该研究在两个实验中探讨了汉字字形知觉的整合性,发现无论是弱化还是强化汉字字形的知觉整合性,都带来部位效应量值的相应变化。这些结果一方面证实了汉字知觉的客观实在性;另一方面还表明．在部件认知作业中同时存在部件及其整字的加工．这似乎是对文字认知混合模型的一种支持。     

道德判断中儿童的意向性认知特点

应用对偶故事让5至11岁的64名被试进行道德判断,以此考察儿童的意向性认知的发展。实验发现5岁的被试已经可以使用一些意向性的特征,如:有意或无意;以及不同的动机等,去进行道德判断。而7岁,9岁和11岁的儿童可以依据更多的特征,如:主动和非主动去进行道德判断。这一发现被解释为儿童认知意向性特征时出现的认知网络的发展。     

人格类型对应激反应影响的实验研究(自然应激源部分)

本实验以艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)为依据,测定了高、低神经质。内、外倾被试考试时尿内儿茶酚胺的分泌量,并用考试焦虑调查表(TAI)对被试在考试中的紧张程度及主观体验进行评估。结果表明,高神经质组在紧张性刺激条件下尿内去甲肾上腺素、肾上腺素和多巴胺的分泌量均显著高于低神经质组;平静状态下高神经质组的去甲肾上腺素分泌量高于低神经质组;内倾组在紧张性刺激条件下,多巴胺的增加高于外倾组。另外,高神经质组的TAI分数显著高于低神经质组,内倾组高于外倾组。 上述结果提示,由于人格差异的存在,对同样的紧张性刺激可产生不同的认知评价和主观体验,并引起尿内儿茶酚胺反应的差别,高神经质组的应激反应大于低神经质组,内倾组的应激反应大于外倾组,而以高神经质的应激反应尤为显著。     

A probabilistic contrast model of causal induction

Deviations from the predictions of covariational models of causal attribution have often been reported in the literature. These include a bias against using consensus information, a bias toward attributing effects to a person, and a tendency to make a variety of unpredicted conjunctive attributions. It is contended that these deviations, rather than representing irrational biases, could be due to (a) unspecified information over which causal inferences are computed and (b) the questionable normativeness of the models against which these deviations have been measured. A probabilistic extension of Kelley's analysis-of-variance analogy is proposed. An experiment was performed to assess the above biases and evaluate the proposed model against competing ones. The results indicate that the inference process is unbiased.     

Hypothesis-testing strategies: Why two goals are better than one

An intriguing finding in the hypothesis-testing literature concerns a large increase in the proportion of subjects who discover a rule when they are asked to determine two rules rather than that rule alone. This finding is based on Wason's (1960) “2 4 6” task, in which subjects try to discover a rule (ascending numbers) by generating and testing number triples. They are initially given an example (“2, 4, 6”) of the rule that leads to overly specific hypotheses. With single-goal (SG) instructions, subjects try to discover the correct rule and are told whether each triple proposed fits the rule. With dual-goal (DG) instructions, correct and incorrect categories are labelled, respectively, as DAX and MED. Subjects try to discover both rules and are told whether each proposed triple is DAX or MED. Two explanations of why DG subjects do better at rule discovery than SG subjects are tested: the quantity of information and the testing of complementary rules using the prevalent positive-test strategy. Results support the latter explanation: DG subjects outperform SG subjects only if they know the rules are complementary, and that SG subjects' performance does not improve when required to test more triples before announcing their first rule. A third explanation, the positivity of the linguistic label of the feedback, is ruled out. Understanding the superiority of DG instructions might suggest a general method for enhancing rule discovery.     

Cultural Differences in Psychological Distress Between Asian and Caucasian American College Students

The authors examined possible cultural differences in psychological distress between Asian and Caucasion American college students using the Brief Symptom Inventory.     

学习困难与正常儿童智力结构的稳定性

本文调查学习困难与正常儿童WISC-CR 智商和智力结构的长时稳定性。被试先后参加两次WISC-CR 测试(间隔1.5—2年)。结果表明:学习困难儿童VIQ、PIQ 和FIQ 的重测相关均在0.71以上,高于正常儿童;重测时学习困难儿童有PIQ 升高和VIQ 降低趋势,正常儿童的VIQ 和PIQ 均有升高趋势,两组儿童智力结构的稳定性有明显差异,学习困难儿童不分心因子稳定性最差,正常儿童言语概括因子稳定性最差,其它三个因子相对稳定。这些结果提示学习困难与正常儿童的智商和智力结构具有较好跨时间稳定性。WISC-CR 对学习困难诊断、咨询和教育干预计划的制定有一定的参考价值。     

脑外伤后患者的认知障碍

本文对83例脑外伤患者在智力、记忆、信息处理速度及语言流畅性等方面进行了研究.结果表明:脑外伤损害了患者的高级皮质功能,使其在相当长的时期内,仍遗留有智力、记忆、注意、信息处理速度及语言流畅性等方面的障碍,只是轻、重程度不等而已。从中我们选出相对比较灵敏的测验,做为今后研究脑外伤病人心理功能障碍的方法,并拟定出脑外伤病人心理功能的评定指标。