An associative model of adaptive inference for learning word-referent mappings

People can learn word–referent pairs over a short series of individually ambiguous situations containing multiple words and referents (Yu & Smith, 2007, Cognition 106: 1558–1568). Cross-situational statistical learning relies on the repeated co-occurrence of words with their intended referents, but simple co-occurrence counts cannot explain the findings. Mutual exclusivity (ME: an assumption of one-to-one mappings) can reduce ambiguity by leveraging prior experience to restrict the number of word–referent pairings considered but can also block learning of non-one-to-one mappings. The present study first trained learners on one-to-one mappings with varying numbers of repetitions. In late training, a new set of word–referent pairs were introduced alongside pretrained pairs; each pretrained pair consistently appeared with a new pair. Results indicate that (1) learners quickly infer new pairs in late training on the basis of their knowledge of pretrained pairs, exhibiting ME; and (2) learners also adaptively relax the ME bias and learn two-to-two mappings involving both pretrained and new words and objects. We present an associative model that accounts for both results using competing familiarity and uncertainty biases.     

Sex differences in how erotic and painful stimuli impair inhibitory control

Witnessing emotional events such as arousal or pain may impair ongoing cognitive processes such as inhibitory control. We found that this may be true only half of the time. Erotic images and painful video clips were shown to men and women shortly before a stop signal task, which measures cognitive inhibitory control. These stimuli impaired inhibitory control only in men and not in women, suggesting that emotional stimuli may be processed with different weights depending on gender.     

冲突情境中青少年的亲社会意图:预期重要他人观点的影响

青少年在特定情境下的亲社会意图受到重要他人的影响,而预期重要他人观点的影响更为明显。本研究借助假设的冲突情境,考查了327名青少年(男生146人,女生181人)对重要他人的观点的预期及其对亲社会意图的影响。结果发现,青少年的亲社会意图与其预期的重要他人观点的偏离程度随着情境的不同而发生变化,在"个人健康—他人健康"、"个人学业—他人学业"、"人际关系—诚实品质"三种冲突情境中,青少年的行为意图分别与预期的父母、教师、同伴的观点偏离度最小。预期重要他人观点对亲社会意图的影响受到青少年对相应观点认可度的调节,在高认可度水平上,预期重要他人观点正向预测亲社会意图;在低认可度水平上,上述预测作用并未显现。该结果表明不同重要他人对青少年的影响是相对独立的,且受到生活事件领域的制约。     

More Than Two Choices: The Influence of Context on the Framing Effect

The framing effect demonstrates that two options with different risk levels affect people??s risk preferences, even if both options are logically equivalent. However, in reality we are almost always confronted with more than two choices, rather than a single manipulated message. In this paper, we simultaneously manipulate the framing effect and the context effect, including the attraction effect and the compromise effect, to examine the influence of context on framing. The results of two studies show that context influences the original choice preference arising from the framing effect. Moreover, the framing effect is reduced when context effects are introduced to the original choice set.     

Gossip as an effective and low-cost form of punishment

The spreading of reputational information about group members through gossip represents a widespread, efficient, and low-cost form of punishment. Research shows that negative arousal states motivate individuals to gossip about the transgressions of group members. By sharing information in this way groups are better able to promote cooperation and maintain social control and order.     

从“王贝事件”看医学学会组织的职能

2010年发生于武汉的超女王贝整容致死事件,使中国的医疗整形美容行业受到质疑.相关医学学会组织的职能缺失是事件引起社会关注的重要原因之一.通过梳理该事件发生发展的全过程,分析医学学会的作用,借以指出医学学会在制度建设和职业精神建设等方面存在的问题,并提出完善医学学会职能的建议.     

我国一大型考试等值的铆题参数漂移检验

设置铆题来链接不同测验形式是一种常用的等值设计。但受到曝光等因素影响,铆题功能在不同施测时间会发生改变。本研究采用MH检验和logistic回归考察我国一大型考试等值的铆题质量,结果发现,有22个铆题发生参数漂移,铆题的难度参数和区分度参数可能发生漂移;这些铆题中大部分在二次使用时无法通过模型拟合检验;若不删除参数发生漂移的铆题导致较大的系统等值误差,应将铆题参数漂移检验作为等值中的一步必要工作。     

《尚书》伦理思想探析

《尚书》中的伦理思想肇始于夏商周三代生产力的发展、王朝更替的推动和天命观的形成。《尚书》中的伦理思想包括:民本思想、德的思想、孝友思想、个人修养思想以及宗教伦理思想。这些思想为中国古代伦理思想的形成奠定了基础,不仅为先秦伦理思想的形成起了引领作用,而且影响中国两千多年封建社会伦理文化的脉路。     

抑郁症状阳性人群的初始沙盘特征

采用病例对照研究设计,探讨抑郁症状阳性人群初始沙盘特征。结果显示：抑郁症状阳性组在总数、动物、人物、建筑物、交通工具、植物类沙具使用少于对照组;抑郁症状阳性组沙盘空间领域使用少于对照组;抑郁症状阳性组在从哪里开始、对沙的态度、有无蓝色露底、是否使用桥、自己感觉是否满意、自我像是否在其中和主题场景上与对照组比较差异有统计学意义;沙盘主题特征回归分析显示进入抑郁症状阳性回归方程的沙盘主题特征变量有忽视、威胁、流动和能量。抑郁症状阳性人群在沙盘游戏中有特征性表现,初始沙盘具有临床心理评估的功能和价值。     

挫折情境下自我肯定对执行功能的影响

为探讨挫折情境下自我肯定对执行功能的影响,创设挫折和非挫折情境,采用价值观自我肯定干预,通过Stroop范式和2-back范式分别测量抑制控制和工作记忆的刷新能力。结果发现,挫折情境下的Stroop任务和2-back任务反应时均高于非挫折情境;挫折情境下自我肯定组在Stroop任务和2-back任务上的反应时均显著低于非自我肯定组,而非挫折情境下两组的反应时没有显著性差异;Stroop效应量在情境与肯定条件上的交互作用不显著。结果表明挫折降低了执行功能的任务表现,自我肯定干预能够改善挫折情境下执行功能相关的任务成绩,促进了个体对工作记忆任务的刷新能力和Stroop任务的认知表现,但对抑制控制能力的改善没有明显作用。