On the detection of a brief signal in the temporal center of a noise masker of varying duration

The threshold of a brief signal temporally centered in a noise masker first increases and then decreases as the masker is increased in duration. We discuss two explanations for this “over-shoot” phenomenon which consider the role of peaks of an exponentially weighted sliding integrator. One such explanation takes into account the finding that the steepness of the psychometric function continues to increase monotonically as its location moves first right and then left.     

中国儿童和青少年肤色色度的测定

采用色差测色计对548名3—17岁的中国儿童和青少年进行了脸颊部肤色色度测定,分别测出X、Y、Z三刺激值及x、y色度坐标。结果表明:中国儿童和青少年的平均肤色色度值为x=0,3828,y=0.3454;反射率为26.02%;主波长为590.2nm;刺激纯度(Pe)为27.4%。女性的反射率略高于男性,反射率有随着年龄增长而逐步下降的趋势。男性的肤色刺激纯度则略高于女性,饱和度随着年龄增长而有逐步增大的趋势。中国儿童和青少年的结果和成年人的比较,反射率较之成年人高3%左右,饱和度则低4%左右,主波长则较长约0.9nm。     

国际照明协会1960年均匀色度标尺图的均匀性

本实验通过对CIE 1960均匀色度图黑体轨迹不同区域的色温点∞K、8333K、4167K的视觉评价,探讨这一色度图的均匀性。 我们用了两个被试,分别对视觉色度计2°视野的两半视场进行颜色匹配。两位被试得到相同的结果(1)不同色温点的同一视觉等级图形的形状和大小各不相同,表明CIE1960均匀色度图的黑体轨迹区域不够均匀,(2)∞K和8333K色温点的相同视觉等级长度都不相等,而4167K色温相等。可以认为,1960年均匀色度图在4167K的较小范围内的均匀性较好。     

文昌鱼的光动反应

文昌鱼的中枢神经系统早在上个世纪就受到神经解剖学家们的注意。这是因为它代表着动物演化上的一个很典型的阶段。在这个阶段,动物身体的背侧开始有了神经管。这个神经管在外形上很象脊椎动物胚胎初期形成的神经管,其内部的神经组织也较简单。此外,正如神经管初成阶段的脊椎动物胚胎一样,文昌鱼还不具备发育的和特异     

Gender-role adoption and sex as academic and psychological risk factors

Five hundred and ten first-year junior high school students were administered a battery of psychological tests. On the basis of their scores from two gender-role adoption measures, three smaller groups were extracted within each biological sex: masculine, feminine, and undifferentiated individuals. Feminine students reported a greater amount of discomfort (vulnerability). A battery of tests administered toward the end of that school year revealed that females attained greater neuroticism and alienation scores than did their male peers. Possible explanations for this pubescent self-report of maladjustment are the more masculine orientation of the junior high school in comparison to the elementary school and the menarche.The authors wish to thank Ms. S. Chesterman, Regional Director of the Montreal Catholic School Commission, and Mr. K. Quinn, Principal of Sir Wilfred Laurier Junior High School, for granting us permission to disrupt school activities in order to test their students. We also wish to acknowledge the assistance of the following members of Sir Wilfred Laurier: Mr. O. Hruby, Vice-Principal; Sr. G. Larocque, Vice-Principal; Mr. S. Radeschi, key teacher; and members of the administrative and teaching staff.     

Rational Selective Exploitation Among Americans and Chinese: General Similarity, With One Surprise

A cross-cultural experiment tested predictions regarding reward allocation decisions among subjects in the United States and Taiwan. The experiment included five independent variables—two between-subject factors (American vs. Chinese; instrumental vs. unspecified vs. social-emotional allocator orientation) and three within-subject factors (high vs. low employee competence, social skill, and mobility). In general, Americans and Chinese distributed rewards quite similarly: In both cultures, allocators distributed greater rewards to employees who were more competent and possessed greater social skill. In both cultures, instrumental allocator orientation induced stronger tendencies to base allocations on competence; social-emotional allocator orientation induced stronger tendencies to base allocations on social skill. In both cultures, subjects engaged in competence-based "rational selective exploitation"—among highly competent employees, those with greater professional mobility received larger portions of the reward pool than did counterparts with constrained mobility. In both cultures, subjects also evidenced an unexpected social-skill-based rational selective exploitation—among employees with good social skill those with greater professional mobility received larger portions of the reward pool than did counterparts with constrained mobility. However, there were a number of interactions with culture that ran contrary to our a priori predictions: We hypothesized that Americans would exhibit greater individualism by focusing on competence in allocating outcomes, and that Chinese would exhibit greater collectivism by focusing on social skill. Although Americans did attend to employee competence more than Chinese, Americans also attended to employee social skill more than Chinese. These findings are discussed in terms of an expanded conceptualization of the nature of individualism and collectivism.     

Prison pastoral care: The seer as a new paradigm

The purpose of this essay is twofold: to review two existing paradigms (the Priest and the Prophet) of pastoral care with prisoners; to propose a new paradigm (the Seer). The prison chaplain has been traditionally identified as a priest or a prophet. The change of pastoral setting from parish to prison is a drastic one that requires a paradigm shift. Incarceration is understood in terms of liminality which is a transitional period of a life re-ordering. To those in liminality, the Seer as a divine visionary of hope comes to reawaken a sense of God's presence and aims at renewing of covenant faith.This article is an edited version of an address presented by the author to the Chaplains of Tennessee Department of Corrections at their annual meeting in January 1990.     

几种色光呈现条件下人眼红、绿光感受性的变化

采用阈值法探讨了人眼在红、橙、绿、蓝4种色光适应条件下红、绿光感受性的变化及机制。结果表明:当背景及目标均为稳光时,在不同的背景光条件下,人眼554nm(绿)及656nm(红)光感受性的变化显示了明显的感觉颉抗性效应,且不受色觉适应的影响;如果所呈现的背景光是稳态光,目标先是闪烁光,除辨别是现在554nm背景光上的656nm(红)目标,在其余条件下,均未发现颜色感觉颉抗效应;如果背景光是闪烁光,目标光为稳态光时,在不同的背景光条件下,人眼对554nm(绿)及656nm(红)波长的辨别结果有感觉颉抗效应存在,并且辨别感受性也明显提高。     

A faith for all seasons

A FAITH FOR ALL SEASONS:ISLAM AND WESTERN MODERNITY. By Shabbir Akhtar. London: Bellew Publishing, 1990. 251pp. Hb. £25.00. ISBN 0–947792–41–4.     

双目光学测距仪器光轴不平行度范围的实验研究

目前,我国的双目光学测距仪器光轴不平行度公差大致有以下几组: 垂直发散:±15′±20′±20′±27′ 水平发散:60′60′60′60′ 水平会聚:20′20′30′36′上述数据基本上是沿袭国外有关数据。美苏两国这方面的数据大致为: