婴儿共同注意能力的发展

本研究采用严格的实验室测验法,从年龄趋势、学习能力、性别差异三方面考察了8～11个月婴儿共同注意能力的发展。结果表明：1）婴儿的共同注意力在8～11个月间逐步提高,9个月左右出现显著的发展性变化,但1岁以前,该能力的发展水平都较低;2）就共同注意而言,婴儿具有从练习经验中学习的可能性,且学习能力存在年龄差异,8个月的婴儿基本不能从练习中受益,而8个月以上的其他三组婴儿在练习后共同注意水平都有不同程度的提高;3）总体而言,女婴共同注意能力的发展水平显著地高于男婴。     

运用规则空间模型识别解题中的认知错误

运用规则空间模型识别学生解题中的认知错误,该模型将认知心理学,项目反应理论和数据库的代数理论相结合,将被试的二值反应模式映射为笛卡尔乘积空间的一组序偶,然后计算被试和错误规则在该空间的代表性位置之间的马氏距离,并通过贝叶斯决策准则划分被试的错误类型,根据６４４名中学生对３０个数学题目的反应,识别出其中８６％的学生可以被划分人１８种认知错误类型中。     

汉字阅读材料的不同排列组合对字词认知速度及准确性的影响

本研究探讨了汉字阅读材料的不同组合对字词认知速度及准确性的影响。实验材料是一篇３２０个字的短文阅读材料,分成三种不同组合形式让被试从左往右发声念读．一种是顺意排列材料形式（即文章句子符合句法及词意）,一种是逆意排列材料形式（即将文章的字词逆反排列）;一种是随机排列材料形式（即将全文字词打乱随机排列）。实验结果表明：对顺意排列材料的念读效果最好,念读速度及准确性明显高于另外两种材料组合形式;中青年组被试的结果明显优于老年组及儿童组的结果．结果提示,对字词念读的认知加工过程明显受相邻字词关系的影响及字词句子化的影响．     

Compassion: An east‐west comparison

Compassion is an emotion that occupies a central position in Mahāyāna Buddhist philosophy while it is often a neglected subject in contemporary western philosophy. This essay is a comparison between an Eastern view of compassion based upon Mahāyāna Buddhist perspectives and a western view of the same emotion. Certain principles found in Mahāyāna Buddhist philosophy such as the Bodhisattva Ideal, and suffering (dukkha) to name two, are explored for the information they contain about compassion. An essay by Lawrence Blum is taken as representative of a Western view (but not exclusively) and it is analyzed for its shortcomings in light of the Buddhist view. The conclusion briefly describes the value of understanding an eastern view on compassion as a means of filling the void one finds in western medical ethics discourse which focuses so heavily, and redundantly, upon issues such as patient autonomy and paternalism.     

3—6岁白、哈尼族与汉族儿童的颜色命名能力的发展

探讨了云南地区白族与哈尼族３—６岁儿童的颜色命名能力发展,并与北京地区汉族同龄儿童作了比较。实验结果表明,不同民族的儿童的颜色命名能力都伴随年龄增长而逐步提高;但汉族儿童的颜色命名能力发展略高于哈尼族与白族同龄儿童。总的来看,儿童对不同颜色正确命名能力的发展有着共同的规律性,即黑、白、红三色较易正确命名,其次是黄、绿、蓝三色较难正确命名,命名正确率最低的颜色是橙与紫。     

在自然光照射下工作面照度与照度分布对学前儿童操作技能影响的研究

通过在自然光照射下,测定不同年龄的学前儿童在不同的工作面照度与不同的工作面照度分布情况下,在规定时间内从红色、黄色、绿色３种球状ＰＶＣ塑料颗粒的混合物中分拣出绿色颗粒的多少,来探讨电磁波谱中的可见光部分对学前儿童操作技能的影响。为创造适宜学前儿童进行操作训练的健康环境提供依据。     

体操运动员比赛时尿内儿茶酚胺的排出量

测量了37名体操运动员在比赛前和训练前的血压和脉率,并测了25名运动员赛前、赛后和训练后尿内儿茶酚胺的排出量。结果发现男子组赛前舒张压比训练前为高。比赛后尿内去甲肾上腺素排出量男女组均显著高于比赛前,男子组训练后尿内去甲肾上腺素排出量比比赛后略低,而女子组则比比赛后有明显降低。说明男子组去甲肾上腺素的排出增加与情绪的关系较少,而女子组则与情绪关系较密切。赛后肾上腺素排出量男女组均有明显增加,训练后排出量均比比赛后排出量低。女子组在赛前、赛后、训练后肾上腺素排出量均比男子组为低,但差异未达显著水平。比赛中发挥好的肾上腺素排出量倾向较低。     

中国实验心理学三十年

一 实验心理学已有悠久的历史,它建立于前一世纪的中叶,采用自然科学的方法研究心理学问题,在使心理学成为一门独立的科学上起了重要作用。但心理学被介绍到中国来还是在清朝末期,最早的一个心理学实验室是在1917年北京大学哲学系建立的。解放前的旧中国已有七、八个高等学校设置了心理学系,除了讲授普通心理学课程外,还开设     

On the detection of a brief signal in the temporal center of a noise masker of varying duration

The threshold of a brief signal temporally centered in a noise masker first increases and then decreases as the masker is increased in duration. We discuss two explanations for this “over-shoot” phenomenon which consider the role of peaks of an exponentially weighted sliding integrator. One such explanation takes into account the finding that the steepness of the psychometric function continues to increase monotonically as its location moves first right and then left.     

Gender-role adoption and sex as academic and psychological risk factors

Five hundred and ten first-year junior high school students were administered a battery of psychological tests. On the basis of their scores from two gender-role adoption measures, three smaller groups were extracted within each biological sex: masculine, feminine, and undifferentiated individuals. Feminine students reported a greater amount of discomfort (vulnerability). A battery of tests administered toward the end of that school year revealed that females attained greater neuroticism and alienation scores than did their male peers. Possible explanations for this pubescent self-report of maladjustment are the more masculine orientation of the junior high school in comparison to the elementary school and the menarche.The authors wish to thank Ms. S. Chesterman, Regional Director of the Montreal Catholic School Commission, and Mr. K. Quinn, Principal of Sir Wilfred Laurier Junior High School, for granting us permission to disrupt school activities in order to test their students. We also wish to acknowledge the assistance of the following members of Sir Wilfred Laurier: Mr. O. Hruby, Vice-Principal; Sr. G. Larocque, Vice-Principal; Mr. S. Radeschi, key teacher; and members of the administrative and teaching staff.