科学不需要超验的信仰

目前在有些科学工作者和哲学工作者中间,流 传着这样一种看法:似乎科学也是离不开超经验信 仰的。据说科学的每一个环节里都可以分析出大量 的非实证因素,没有对这些因素的信仰,科学就寸 步难行。显然,这是一种误解。科学是对客观世界 规律性的探索,它的任何认识成果都要经受实践的 检验,这就注定它与非实证的、超经验的因素有本 质的区别。它弘扬的是科学的理念而非超自然的信 仰。上述误解很容易被利用来模糊科学与有神论、 科学与伪科学的界限,其危害性是不难看出的。因 此,有必要来澄清相关的一些含糊的、似是而非的 说法。     

Self‐Priming in Production: Evidence for a Hybrid Model of Syntactic Priming

Syntactic priming in language production is the increased likelihood of using a recently encountered syntactic structure. In this paper, we examine two theories of why speakers can be primed: error‐driven learning accounts (Bock, Dell, Chang, & Onishi, 2007; Chang, Dell, & Bock, 2006) and activation‐based accounts (Pickering & Branigan, 1999; Reitter, Keller, & Moore, 2011). Both theories predict that speakers should be primed by the syntactic choices of others, but only activation‐based accounts predict that speakers should be able to prime themselves. Here we test whether speakers can be primed by their own productions in three behavioral experiments and find evidence of structural persistence following both comprehension and speakers’ own productions. We also find that comprehension‐based priming effects are larger for rarer syntactic structures than for more common ones, which is most consistent with error‐driven accounts. Because neither error‐driven accounts nor activation‐based accounts fully explain the data, we propose a hybrid model.     

中庸工作重塑研究

采用中庸思想作为研究的理论基础,建构中庸工作重塑概念,并应用于工作要求-资源模型检验其构思效度。在288名医务人员中探索中庸工作重塑的结构,在178名医务人员中验证结构,并探讨中庸工作重塑在工作要求或工作资源与工作投入及工作倦怠之间的中介效应。研究结果发现,中庸工作重塑是由个体取向和群体取向构成的两维结构的工作重塑。其中,在工作要求-资源模型的压力机制中,人们通过工作重塑来降低工作要求引致的工作倦怠,促进工作投入;而在其激励机制中,人们通过工作重塑会增强工作资源的激励作用,促进工作投入。     

Cognitive Offloading: Structuring the Environment to Improve Children's Working Memory Task Performance

Research has shown that adults can engage in cognitive offloading, whereby internal processes are offloaded onto the environment to help task performance. Here, we investigate an application of this approach with children, in particular children with poor working memory. Participants were required to remember and recall sequences of colors by placing colored blocks in the correct serial order. In one condition the blocks were arranged to facilitate cognitive offloading (i.e., grouped by color), whereas in the other condition they were arranged randomly. Across two experiments (total N = 166) the ordered condition improved task performance for children with low working memory ability. In addition, participants in Experiment 2 rated the difficulty of the two arrangements and performed a further condition in which they were given an opportunity to freely arrange the blocks before completing the task. Despite performing better in the ordered condition, children with low working memory ability did not rate the ordered arrangement as easier, nor did they choose an ordered arrangement when given the opportunity to do so. This research shows that cognitive offloading can also be a useful process in populations other than typical adults, and the implications of this work for supporting children with poor working memory are discussed.     

Contextual Integration in Multiparty Audience Design

Communicating with multiple addressees poses a problem for speakers: Each addressee necessarily comes to the conversation with a different perspective—different knowledge, different beliefs, and a distinct physical context. Despite the ubiquity of multiparty conversation in everyday life, little is known about the processes by which speakers design language in multiparty conversation. While prior evidence demonstrates that speakers design utterances to accommodate addressee knowledge in multiparty conversation, it is unknown if and how speakers encode and combine different types of perspective information. Here we test whether speakers encode the perspective of multiple addressees, and then simultaneously consider their knowledge and physical context during referential design in a three‐party conversation. Analyses of referential form—expression length, disfluency, and elaboration rate—in an interactive multiparty conversation demonstrate that speakers do take into consideration both addressee knowledge and physical context when designing utterances, consistent with a knowledge‐scene integration view. These findings point to an audience design process that takes as input multiple types of representations about the perspectives of multiple addressees, and that bases the informational content of the to‐be‐designed utterance on a combination of the perspectives of the intended addressees.     

家长参与与小学生学习自我效能的关系研究

参阅国外家长参与的理论研究,结合访谈结果将小学生家长参与确定为情感参与、管理引导参与、行为参与和智力参与四个维度.以4-6年级的小学生为被试,两次取样测试,编制了小学生家长参与问卷,问卷具有较好的信、效度.应用自编的小学生家长参与问卷考察了521名小学生家长参与与其学习自我效能的关系.研究表明:家长参与与小学生的学习自我效能感有显著相关;母亲的智力参与、父亲的情感参与、母亲的情感参与、父亲的智力参与和行为参与对其子女学习自我效能感有预测作用.     

雅斯贝尔斯哲学

本文通过对雅斯贝尔斯哲学基本概念:世界、大全、现实、Existenz的分析和阐释,揭示了雅斯贝尔斯哲学的主要轮廓和基本精神,并予以了简明扼要的评论.