新泛伊斯兰主义

当代的伊斯兰复兴包含着三股社会潮流,即伊斯兰教的民间复兴、新泛伊斯兰主义和伊斯兰主义（或伊斯兰原教旨主义）。新泛伊斯兰主义是战前泛伊斯兰思想的延续和发展。它在伊斯兰世界广为流传的同时,对非伊斯兰世界也深有影响。本文除对它在战后的发展予以概述外,着重讨论它的基本政治─宗教主张、组织形式、性质、特点和社会功能。作者认为,伊斯兰国家对它（在不同程度上）的鼓吹和支持,对当代伊斯兰复兴其它两股潮流起着极其重要作用。     

Cross-cultural studies of dementia: use of a Chinese version of the Blessed-Roth Information-Memory-Concentration test in a Shanghai dementia survey

A culturally adapted Chinese version of the Blessed-Roth Information-Memory-Concentration test (CIMC) was used in a dementia screening survey of a probability sample of 5,055 elderly Shanghai residents. The individual items on the CIMC that best predicted the overall score were similar to the best predictor of an American version of the IMC. Performance on the CIMC was markedly affected by the level of education or lack thereof. In a subsample for whom clinical diagnoses were obtained, it was possible to establish cutoff values on the CIMC by stratifying the sample according to education.     

关于内省问题几次争论的评说

本文评述了关于内省问题的若干次争论,从而阐述了(一)内省法是心理学研究的一种方法,有其局限性;(二)除经验内省外,从冯特的实验内省一直到当今认知心理学家强调的口语记录法,各种别名的内省都是在控制一定条件下、与实验法相结合加以使用的,所以不能孤立地仅对内省法进行评价;(三)既然内省法都是与实验法结合使用的,因此它既可用来研究心理活动的结果,也有助于心理过程的研究。     

精神病人社区影响因素分析及对策思考

精神病人作为一个"弱势群体",需要全社会给予积极的关注与支持.近年来,开展了以社区为基础的康复护理,但要使得精神病人得到更好的照顾,还需要政府、社会工作者,医务人员与家庭的共同努力与协作,形成自上而下的互相监督的系统模式,本文仅就我国精神病人社区康复工作存在的问题提出参考性的建议.     

群体任务中合作行为的跨阶段演变

合作是电子商务时代群体工作的重要基础。本实验通过资源两难任务研究群体工作中的合作行为的演变。111名被试参加了实验。研究发现,在动态博弈过程中,群体其他成员行为的多个阶段反馈将成为决策者合作机制形成的主要基础,与决策者价值等内部因素和环境不确定性等外部因素,共同影响合作行为的演变     

组织内信任对任务绩效的影响效应

通过问卷调查,对组织内信任与工作绩效之间的关系进行了研究。研究采用结构方程建模方法,通过建构6个嵌套模型和2个非嵌套模型,将其与假设模型进行比较验证研究假设。结果表明,个体对于直接领导、同事和高层管理者的信任都会对个体的工作绩效产生影响,并且彼此间的效应相互独立,彼此互补。同时,研究也讨论了多种不同信任对个体工作行为产生影响的过程中,个体对不同对象知觉对其行为复杂影响,并发现对高层管理者信任对工作绩效的影响效应部分由对直接领导的信任中介     

声旁规则性对命名声旁和整字的影响

探讨声旁规则性对命名声旁或整字的影响,在速示与慢示呈现条件下命名声旁或汉字。结果发现：（1）声旁命名在速示呈现时因规则声旁易化;慢示呈现时无显著规则性效应,但受声旁部件数影响;（2）在两种呈现条件下,命名含不表音声旁字的反应时最快,错误率最低;命名含单部件、高频声旁字的反应时慢,错误率高;命名含多部件、低频声旁字的反应时快,错误率低。说明是声旁规则性对声旁命名有易化作用;对整字命名有干扰作用,但与声旁频率与部件数有关。     

Effects of hazard exposure and roadway complexity on young and older driver situation awareness and performance

Few previous studies of driver situation awareness (SA) have focused on behavior in hazard negotiation. The objective of this research was to assess the effect of hazard exposure on driver SA and interactions with age and roadway complexity. Ten young (18–25 yrs) and ten older (65–81 yrs) participants drove in a simulator under two levels of environment complexity (simple – rural vs. complex – city) with two types of hazard exposure (static vs. dynamic). Situation awareness was measured using real-time probes posed by a confederate passenger. Driving performance was assessed in terms of lane maintenance and speed control. Results revealed hazards to cause degradations in high level of driver SA and speed control or to trigger adaptation, and vulnerability to hazard type was dependent on driver age. Older drivers exhibited greater speed reduction in response to dynamic hazards; whereas, young driver maintained higher speed, as compared to normal driving, when confronted with static hazards. In addition, increased roadway environment complexity compounded decrements in performance caused by hazard exposure. These findings are applicable to modeling driver behavior and SA under hazardous conditions and may support the design of new in-vehicle assistive technologies for hazard avoidance.     

Responses toward a trapped animal by wild bonobos at Wamba

Chimpanzees and bonobos are the closest living relatives of humans and diverged relatively recently in their phylogenetic history. However, a number of reports have suggested behavioral discrepancies between the two Pan species, such as more cooperative and tolerant social interaction and poorer tool-using repertoires in bonobos. Concerning hunting behavior and meat consumption, recent studies from the field have confirmed both behaviors not only in chimpanzees but also in bonobos. The present study reports an encounter by wild bonobos at Wamba with a duiker trapped in a snare. Bonobos interacted with the live duiker for about 10 min but did not eventually kill the animal. They showed fear responses when the duiker moved and exhibited behaviors related to anxiety and stress such as branch-drag displays and self-scratching. Although bonobos manipulated nearby saplings and parts of the snare, they did not use detached objects to make indirect contact with the duiker. Juveniles and adults of both sexes engaged in active interactions with the trapped duiker. Overall, bonobos’ behavioral responses indicated species-specific cognitive characteristics largely different from those of chimpanzees.