中国性伦理研究发展概况及分析

中国性伦理研究在50年代、80年代、21世纪初期经历了三次高潮,表现出以婚姻家庭研究为主,以道德实践的要求为动力的基本特征.中国性伦理研究的主要内容包括三个方面,即马克思恩格斯对性道德问题的基本观点.社会主义爱情、婚姻及家庭道德以及当代中国性伦理面临的挑战及发展.现阶段,应当深入挖掘马克思主义性伦理思想的基本原理,加强对性权利的研究,并在此基础上发展马克思主义性伦理理论.     

Pathways of Influence: Marital Relationships and Their Association with Parenting Styles and Sibling Relationship Quality

We investigated the associations among marital relationship quality, mothers’ parenting styles, and young children’s sibling relationship quality drawing on the principles of family systems theory. Survey data were collected from 130 mothers who had a target child (mean age = 4.6 years) with a sibling close in age. The sample consisted of participants who self-identified as Mexican-American (49%), European-American (20%), and Taiwanese in Taiwan (24%). Structural equation modeling was used to test the direct and indirect effects of marital relationships on children’s sibling relationship quality through parenting styles and the reciprocal association between sibling relationship quality and parenting styles. The findings revealed evidence of a direct effect of marital relationships on sibling relationship quality and bidirectional relations between sibling relationships and parenting styles. The importance of research on bidirectional associations between sibling relations and parenting styles is discussed.     

Sneaking in through the back door: How category-based stereotype suppression leads to rebound in feature-based effects

Given the dramatic shifts in societal norms to curb overt stereotyping and prejudice, these biases may leak out in more subtle ways than were apparent in the past. Accordingly, we examined how the suppression of stereotypes might affect post-suppression category-based stereotyping and the more subtle feature-based stereotyping. In support of our proposition, participants in the suppression condition used more feature-based, but less category-based stereotypes in their post-suppression task than participants in the control condition. Furthermore, a relation between post-suppression category-based and feature-based stereotyping existed in the suppression condition such that decreases in category-based stereotyping were associated with increases in feature-based stereotyping. Findings as a whole suggest that norms against the expression of stereotypic biases may ironically lead people to be more vulnerable to biases as a function of within-category features.     

管理胜任特征与工作绩效关系研究

本研究以情景评价为基础,对管理胜任特征与工作绩效间的关系进行了探讨。结果表明：管理胜任特征在职位层次和性别上存在显著差异;管理胜任特征指标对工作绩效维度的预测效应不同,关系胜任特征是人际促进和工作奉献的有效预测指标,问题解决特征主要对任务绩效和人际促进有预测力．而诚信责任特征则更多的影响管理者的工作奉献。研究为理解管理胜任特征与绩效间的关系提供了实证支持。     

Moderating effects of gender and age on the relationship between self‐esteem and life satisfaction in mainland Chinese

Previous studies indicated that not only individual self‐esteem (e.g., Diener & Diener, 1995; Neto, 1993) but also collective self‐esteem (e.g., Crocker, Luhtanen, Blaine, & Broadnax, 1994; Zhang & Leung, 1999) contributed to prediction of life satisfaction. When the effects of individual and collective self‐esteems on life satisfaction have been demonstrated, a further question in life satisfaction research is that whether the relationship between self‐esteem and life satisfaction is subject to the influence of boundary conditions. The present investigation focused on moderating effects of gender and age on the relationship between self‐esteem and life satisfaction in Chinese people. Participants were 1347 Mainland Chinese (aged from 14 to 88 years, 52.3% female) from three generations. They finished the General Life Satisfaction Scale (Leung & Leung, 1992), Life Domain Satisfaction Scale (revised from Michalos, 1985), Self‐Esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965) and Collective Self‐Esteem Scale (Luhtanen & Crocker, 1992). Hierarchical regression analysis indicated that the relationship between collective self‐esteem and general life satisfaction was stronger for the male participants than for the female participants. The effect of individual self‐esteem on life domain satisfaction was stronger in the male group than in the female group. The effect of individual self‐esteem on life domain satisfaction was stronger in the older people than in the younger people. However the effect of collective self‐esteem on life domain satisfaction was stronger in the younger people than in the older people. These results might reflect life task differences and social expectation differences between male and female, younger and older people. Additional research is needed with other types of samples, especially with samples from some individualist cultures to see whether the results could generalize to these cultures.     

关于动力系统中自我强化和学生期待对学习效率影响的实验研究

本实验考察了在教学活动中,动力系统中自我强化和学生期待两因素与中学生学习效率的关系。结果表明：在其它教学条件相同的情况下,适当地、适时地满足学生期待对初中生学习效率的提高有较明显的作用,而对高中学生则作用不明显;对中学生进行自我强化的训练,有助于高中生学习效率的提高,而对初中生学习效率的作用则不明显;实验中未出现交互作用。     

干扰子的激活、抑制及其加工时程

针对有关干扰子激活和抑制加工的时程研究存在的分歧,采用干扰效应和负启动效应双指标,探讨不同知觉负载水平下干扰子的激活和抑制及其加工时程问题。结果显示：在同一实验条件下采用干扰效应和负启动效应双指标可将干扰子加工过程分离为激活和抑制两个阶段;激活加工时程发生在选择性注意早期,抑制加工时程发生在选择性注意的早期至中期之间。这一结果与Lavie等的推测及认知神经科学研究成果均有异同。     

Multiple memory stores and operant conditioning: a rationale for memory's complexity

Why does the brain contain more than one memory system? Genetic algorithms can play a role in elucidating this question. Here, model animals were constructed containing a dorsal striatal layer that controlled actions, and a ventral striatal layer that controlled a dopaminergic learning signal. Both layers could gain access to three modeled memory stores, but such access was penalized as energy expenditure. Model animals were then selected on their fitness in simulated operant conditioning tasks. Results suggest that having access to multiple memory stores and their representations is important in learning to regulate dopamine release, as well as in contextual discrimination. For simple operant conditioning, as well as stimulus discrimination, hippocampal compound representations turned out to suffice, a counterintuitive result given findings that hippocampal lesions tend not to affect performance in such tasks. We argue that there is in fact evidence to support a role for compound representations and the hippocampus in even the simplest conditioning tasks.     

中世纪阿拉伯世界科学兴衰原因浅析

一、探讨中世纪阿拉伯世界科学兴衰的原因,是个很有意义的问题。这里说的中世纪,严格说来,应该说是8到12世纪,或者延伸到13、14世纪时的中世纪的阿拉伯世界,或者说,伊斯兰世界。就这时的科学家活动的地区来说,可以分为东方部分(主要包括今天的伊拉克、叙利亚、埃及、伊朗和中亚的部分地区)和西方部分(突尼斯、摩洛哥、阿尔及利亚和西班牙地区)。这些地区的科学家来自不同民族、不同宗教信仰,有基督教徒、     

苏非派与中国经堂教育

伊斯兰教在中国传播、发展过程中,不断吸取中国传统文化的滋养,逐渐实现了伊斯兰教的中国化。其中,经堂教育的倡兴和发展,是伊斯兰教中国化的一个关键步骤。本文肯定了早年苏非派对经堂教育的影响以及后来排斥其影响的必然性,介绍了苏非著作列为经堂读本以及经师和经生的思想言行、生活方式受苏非主义影响的情况,讨论了中国伊斯兰教中一度出现的教争现象,探讨了苏非著作作者的道统（或教团归属）,进而得出伊斯兰教中国化的几个初步的结论。