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121.
Wai‐Yung Lee Shin‐Ichi Nakamura Moon Ja Chung Young Ju Chun Meng Fu Shu‐Chuan Liang Cui‐Lian Liu 《Family process》2013,52(3):499-518
The purpose of this study was to explore variations in how contemporary couples from five different Asian regions negotiate disagreements. Video recordings of 50 couples (10 each from Japan, Korea, Mainland China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong) discussing unresolved disagreements provided raw data for quantitative and qualitative analyses. First, teams of coders from each region used a common protocol to make quantitative ratings of content themes and interaction patterns for couples from their own region. An interregional panel of investigators then performed in‐depth qualitative reviews for half of these cases, noting cultural differences not only in observed patterns of couple behavior but also in their own perceptions of these patterns. Both quantitative and qualitative analyses revealed clear regional differences on dimensions such as overt negativity, demand‐withdraw interaction, and collaboration. The qualitative results also provided a richer, more nuanced view of other (e.g., gender‐linked) conflict management patterns that the quantitative analyses did not capture. Inconsistencies between qualitative and quantitative data and between the qualitative observations of investigators from different regions were most pronounced for couples from Korea and Japan, whose conflict styles were subtler and less direct than those of couples from the other regions. 相似文献
122.
The structure of the decagonal approximant Mn3Ga5 相似文献
123.
Alok Singh A. P. Tsai M. Nakamura M. Watanabe A. Kato 《Philosophical Magazine Letters》2013,93(9):543-551
Extensive microstructural studies have been performed with respect to the formation of the icosahedral quasicrystalline phase and its relationship to other phases in Mg 95 Zn 4.2 Y 0.8 alloy. The icosahedral phase forms as an intergranular eutectic phase as well as precipitates in the matrix. The precipitates are nanosized (typically 50 nm) with a definite orientation relationship with the matrix, sharply faceted on twofold planes which are on the basal and prismatic planes of the matrix. The detailed crystallographic relationship with the matrix is described. The icosahedral phase is occasionally found to coexist with the cubic W-Zn 3 Mg 2 Y 3 phase with a definite crystallographic relationship. 相似文献
124.
Y. Yamada K. Shimojima M. Mabuchi M. Nakamura T. Asahina T. Mukai 《Philosophical Magazine Letters》2013,93(4):215-220
The mechanical properties of open-cellular epoxies with a cubic prism structure have been investigated by compressive tests with angles between the beam and the load direction of 0o (90o) and 45o. When the angle was 45o, the stress fluctuated in a plateau region about a roughly constant flow up to a strain of 77%. However, when the angle was 0o (90o), the flow stress changed significantly with the strain passing through a series of peaks. The absorption energy per unit volume was found to be essentially independent of the angle between the beam and the load direction. 相似文献
125.
126.
Kuninori Nakamura 《Thinking & reasoning》2013,19(2):178-204
Although a distinction between moral-personal and moral-impersonal dilemmas (Greene, Sommerville, Nystrom, Darley, & Cohen, 2001) has been widely accepted as an explanation for a difference between the trolley and footbridge dilemmas (Thomson, 1985), its psychometric properties remain a mystery. In this study 219 participants completed 62 moral dilemma tasks used in Greene et al. (2001), and the correlation structure among the dilemmas was analysed through factor analysis and structural equation modelling. Findings suggest that, first, moral-personal dilemmas are composed of one factor, indicating that the assumption in Greene et al. (2001) was supported. Second, moral-impersonal dilemmas are explained by two factors that reflect procedural and consequential aspects of decision making. Third, the trolley and footbridge dilemmas fall under the same factor category; therefore the difference between the two dilemmas cannot be attributed to emotional involvement. Additionally, the results of the structural equation modelling suggest that they differ in the engagement of rational processing. 相似文献
127.
Although pigeons have been shown to be susceptible to several size and length illusions, other avian species have not been tested intensively for illusory perception. Here we report how bantams perceive the Zöllner figure, in which parallel lines look nonparallel due to short crosshatches superimposed on the lines. Watanabe et al. (Cognition 119:137–141, 2011) showed that pigeons, like humans, perceived parallel lines as nonparallel but that the orientation of subjective convergence was opposite to that of humans. We trained three bantams to peck at the narrower (or wider) of the two gaps at the end of a pair of nonparallel lines. After adapting them to target lines with randomly oriented crosshatches (which result in no apparent illusion to humans), we tested the bantams’ responses on randomly inserted probe trials, in which crosshatches that should induce the standard Zöllner-like illusion for humans replaced the randomly oriented ones. The results suggested bantams, like pigeons, perceive a reversed Zöllner illusion. 相似文献
128.
129.
Rhesus monkeys are known to recognize confidence about their immediate perceptual and cognitive decisions by using a betting
procedure (Son and Kornell in The missing link in cognition: origins of self-reflective consciousness. Oxford University Press,
New York, pp 296–320, 2005; Kornell et al. in Psychol Sci 18:64–71, 2007). In this report, we examined whether this ability is shared in two avian species (pigeons and bantams) in order to know
how widespread this metacognitive ability is among animals. We trained pigeons and bantams to search for a differently colored
disk (target) among others (distracters) displayed on a touch-sensitive monitor. In test, the subjects were required to choose
one of two confidence icons, “risk” and “safe”, after the visual search. A peck at the “risk” icon after a correct response
in the visual search (i.e., a peck at the target) was reinforced by food and light, while that after an incorrect response
(i.e., a peck at a distracter) resulted in a timeout. A peck at the “safe” icon was always reinforced by food and light, or
by light only, regardless of the visual search result. The percentages of “safe” choices after incorrect responses were higher
than after correct responses in all six pigeons and two of three bantams. This behavior generalized to novel stimuli in some
subjects, and even to a novel line-classification task in a pigeon. These results suggest that these two distantly related
avian species have in common a metacognitive ability that allows them to recognize confidence about their immediate perceptual
decisions. 相似文献
130.
Pigeons are susceptible to several size and length illusions, but in some cases the bias has been shown to be opposite to that seen in humans. To further investigate how their perceptual system works, we asked how pigeons perceive orientation illusions. We used the Zöllner illusion, in which parallel lines look non-parallel due to series of short crosshatches superimposed on the lines. First, we trained six birds to peck at the narrower (or wider) of the two gaps at the end of a pair of non-parallel target lines. After adapting the subjects to target lines with randomly oriented crosshatches (which result in no illusion at least to humans), we tested the pigeons’ responses on randomly inserted probe trials, in which crosshatches that should induce the standard Zöllner-like illusion for humans replaced the random-oriented ones. The results suggested that pigeons do perceive an illusion from Zöllner figures, but in the direction opposite to that of humans. We propose that pigeons, contrary to humans, may assimilate the two lines of different orientations (each main line and crosshatch), which results in underestimation of acute angles, and this in turn may lead to a reversed Zöllner illusion. Such assimilation dominance appears consistent with previous reports obtained for line length and size illusions in this species. 相似文献