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The aim of this study was to investigate the extent to which phonological information mediates the visual attention shift to printed Chinese words in spoken word recognition by using an eye-movement technique with a printed-word paradigm. In this paradigm, participants are visually presented with four printed words on a computer screen, which include a target word, a phonological competitor, and two distractors. Participants are then required to select the target word using a computer mouse, and the eye movements are recorded. In Experiment 1, phonological information was manipulated at the full-phonological overlap; in Experiment 2, phonological information at the partial-phonological overlap was manipulated; and in Experiment 3, the phonological competitors were manipulated to share either fulloverlap or partial-overlap with targets directly. Results of the three experiments showed that the phonological competitor effects were observed at both the full-phonological overlap and partial-phonological overlap conditions. That is, phonological competitors attracted more fixations than distractors, which suggested that phonological information mediates the visual attention shift during spoken word recognition. More importantly, we found that the mediating role of phonological information varies as a function of the phonological similarity between target words and phonological competitors. 相似文献
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55.
An Examination of Potential Misclassification of Army Suicides: Results from the Army Study to Assess Risk and Resilience in Servicemembers 下载免费PDF全文
Kenneth L. Cox MD MPH Matthew K. Nock PhD Quinn M. Biggs PhD MPH Jennifer Bornemann MSSW Lisa J. Colpe PhD MPH Catherine L. Dempsey PhD MPH Steven G. Heeringa PhD James E. McCarroll PhD MPH Tsz Hin Ng MPH Michael Schoenbaum PhD Robert J. Ursano MD Bailey G. Zhang MS David M. Benedek MD the Army STARRS Collaborators 《Suicide & life-threatening behavior》2017,47(3):257-265
Debate continues about the accuracy of military suicide reporting due to concerns that some suicides may be classified as accidents to minimize stigma and ensure survivor benefits. We systematically reviewed records for 998 active duty Army deaths (510 suicides; 488 accident, homicide, and undetermined deaths; 2005‐2009) and, using research criteria, reclassified 8.2% of the nonsuicide cases to definite suicide (1), suicide probable (4), or suicide possible (35). The reclassification rate to definite suicide was only 0.2% (1/488). This low rate suggests that flagrant misclassification of Army deaths is uncommon and surveillance reports likely reflect the “true” population of Army suicides. 相似文献
56.
本研究采用边界范式,控制单字词N+1的预视加工负荷和词N+2首字的预视信息类型,探讨了汉语阅读中词N+2的预视对高频单字词N+1加工产生的影响。结果发现,当词N+1的预视为低加工负荷时,词N+2首字的预视对词N+1的加工产生了显著的影响;当词N+2首字的预视字与词N+1正字法相似,并且只呈现在副中央凹中时,显著的阻碍了词N+1随后的加工。结果表明,副中央凹中词N+2能够获得预视加工,可能获得正字法预视信息并对随后词N+1的加工产生了影响,并且这种影响受词N+1的预视加工负荷的调节。实验结果符合注意梯度指引模型的假设。 相似文献
57.
Gefenas E 《Science and engineering ethics》2006,12(1):75-83
Assessment of risk is one of the key issues in the field of responsible conduct of research which covers discourses of research ethics and research integrity. The principle of minimizing risks and balancing of risks and benefits is one of the main requirements of research ethics. In addition, the content of informed consent that is another fundamental principle of research ethics derives from the assessment of risks and benefits related to a particular research project. Risk assessment also plays a crucial role in methodological design of the research project. This is an important point where research ethics and research integrity discourses overlap. Firstly, because the choice of a control group (e.g., placebo control) is a key ethical issue related to the protection of the research subjects' interests. Secondly, because the quality of the research data, that is one of the key elements of research integrity, is closely connected to the choice of research methodology as well. The problem of biased interpretation or manipulation of risk related features of biomedical research should also be taken into account. Despite the importance of the concept of risk to the field of biomedical research, its relevance has not yet attracted a sufficient attention in the responsible conduct of research debate. 相似文献
58.
Czarkowski M 《Science and engineering ethics》2006,12(1):131-138
The Helsinki Declaration is a very important document regarding the protection of patients’ rights in clinical trials and
one of the fundamental sources of operational principles for every ethics committee. Although they have been updated, the
international guidelines for ethics committees continually fail to address certain issues pertaining to the protection of
patients’ rights in clinical trials. These issues include, most significantly, the method of electing ethics committees (a
free, secret ballot should be preferred to direct appointment), the avoidance of conflict of interest during the election
of ethics committee members, and the necessary insurance coverage for the participants of clinical trials. Polish law should,
on the other hand, be developed in such way as to not limit the effectiveness of ethics committees in protecting patients’
rights in clinical trials. The ideal solution would be to draft a uniform law concerning not only clinical trials, but all
medical experiments. The opinions of experts who have been reviewing medical research projects for several years may prove
to be especially valuable in this setting.
This paper was presented at the 6th International Bioethics Conference on the subject of ‘The Responsible Conduct of Basic
and Clinical Research’, held in Warsaw, Poland, 3–4 June 2005.
The author is Chairman, Bioethics Committee of the Warsaw Regional Chamber of Physicians and Dentists. 相似文献
59.
Tolloczko TS 《Science and engineering ethics》2006,12(1):95-102
Medicine is a scientific discipline, but it is sometimes difficult to separate what is scientific and what is a clinical,
practical activity. Man is the object, but he is always the subject of medical research and therefore these two elements become
closely bound together by a thread of moral interdependencies. Every mentor of a young academic and all institutions dealing
with the teaching of and research into medicine must understand multidimensional, multifaceted, and multilevel aspects of
their activity and give them due regard in the educational process. The educational mission of an academic institution and
of the teacher working there may be summed up in one phrase: Teach thinking! At the same time, the task of a school and the
individual mentor is to teach the student to distinguish personal freedom from a lack of the feeling of responsibility. The
medieval principle “Universitas magistrorum et scholarium”, and thus the corporation, the community of teachers and students,
has not lost any of its relevance and value today. The situation is, in its far-reaching consequences, tragic in which the
“insufficiently tutored teach”. Both physician and teacher, and especially physician-teacher, are not only professions, but
also callings.
This paper was presented at the 6th International Bioethics Conference on the subject of ‘The Responsible Conduct of Basic
and Clinical Research’, held in Warsaw, Poland, 3–4 June 2005. 相似文献
60.
Neural bases of binocular rivalry 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
During binocular rivalry, conflicting monocular images compete for access to consciousness in a stochastic, dynamical fashion. Recent human neuroimaging and psychophysical studies suggest that rivalry entails competitive interactions at multiple neural sites, including sites that retain eye-selective information. Rivalry greatly suppresses activity in the ventral pathway and attenuates visual adaptation to form and motion; nonetheless, some information about the suppressed stimulus reaches higher brain areas. Although rivalry depends on low-level inhibitory interactions, high-level excitatory influences promoting perceptual grouping and selective attention can extend the local dominance of a stimulus over space and time. Inhibitory and excitatory circuits considered within a hybrid model might account for the paradoxical properties of binocular rivalry and provide insights into the neural bases of visual awareness itself. 相似文献