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941.
Statistical methodology for handling omitted variables is presented in a multilevel modeling framework. In many nonexperimental
studies, the analyst may not have access to all requisite variables, and this omission may lead to biased estimates of model
parameters. By exploiting the hierarchical nature of multilevel data, a battery of statistical tools are developed to test
various forms of model misspecification as well as to obtain estimators that are robust to the presence of omitted variables.
The methodology allows for tests of omitted effects at single and multiple levels. The paper also introduces intermediate-level
tests; these are tests for omitted effects at a single level, regardless of the presence of omitted effects at a higher level.
A simulation study shows, not surprisingly, that the omission of variables yields bias in both regression coefficients and
variance components; it also suggests that omitted effects at lower levels may cause more severe bias than at higher levels.
Important factors resulting in bias were found to be the level of an omitted variable, its effect size, and sample size. A
real data study illustrates that an omitted variable at one level may yield biased estimators at any level and, in this study,
one cannot obtain reliable estimates for school-level variables when omitted child effects exist. However, robust estimators
may provide unbiased estimates for effects of interest even when the efficient estimators fail, and the one-degree-of-freedom
test helps one to understand where the problem is located. It is argued that multilevel data typically contain rich information
to deal with omitted variables, offering yet another appealing reason for the use of multilevel models in the social sciences.
This research was supported by the National Academy of Education/Spencer Foundation and the National Science Foundation, Grant
Number SES-0436274. 相似文献
942.
Hyeong Min Kim 《决策行为杂志》2006,19(4):381-391
Although mental accounting principles are generally robust, the integration‐of‐losses principle often fails. This research argues that when information salience is high, people actively segregate. To demonstrate that effect, this research uses purchase decision making for which the total payment is a key decision factor and compares examples such as the following equivalent total payments: “$120.95 for a stroller plus $19.95 for shipping” (i.e., segregation) versus “$140.90 for a stroller including shipping” (i.e., integration). Two studies demonstrate that integration increases purchase intentions when the salience of the smaller payment is higher. Specifically, integration leads to higher purchase intentions than does segregation when (1) the surcharge is visually more salient, (2) the surcharge is easy to process, and (3) price perceptions are stimulus instead of recall driven. Therefore, this research extends mental accounting by identifying conditions in which the integration‐of‐losses principle is likely to prevail. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
943.
944.
Annette De Vito Dabbs Yookyung Kim A. Hamdan-Mansour Anecia Thibodeau K. Mc Curry 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》2006,13(4):378-389
Health locus of control (HLC) beliefs may influence the health behaviors that patients perform on their own behalf. Likewise, the HLC beliefs that clinicians consider desirable may influence how active they encourage patients to be in managing health. It remains unclear how involved lung recipients want to be and how involved transplant clinicians believe they should be. The aims of this study were to describe HLC beliefs and behaviors manifested by recipients and clinicians in the setting of lung transplantation. Mixed-methods were used, including quantitative techniques to measure demographics, clinical characteristics, and HLC using the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale (MHLC), and qualitative techniques to explore how HLC beliefs were manifest in the clinical setting. Nearly all participants manifested behaviors consistent with high internality and externality, highlighting the importance of holding ‘dual health locus of control’ beliefs for optimal health management and lending support for recipients and clinicians to share responsibility for managing post-transplant health.Funded by the Nursing & Social Sciences Council of the International Society of Heart and Lung Transplantation. 相似文献
945.
Bokin Kim 《Teaching Theology & Religion》2006,9(2):109-114
Abstract. An historically familiar tension in East Asian Buddhism between meditation and cultivation in broad learning has appeared in discussions and planning for preparing ministerial students in Won Buddhism. This paper reviews the history of preparation in this order, which was founded in 1916. While the alternatives of training based on practice and education based on classroom intellectual experience have occurred in Won Buddhism, the tension has appeared within the recently founded Won Institute of Graduate Studies in the USA in a clear manner. While the pre‐ministerial students coming from Korea have preferred the experiential/practical emphasis, it is recognized that graduate education in the USA normally requires broader learning and critical thinking. The faculty of Won Institute respects both strategies and their respective, almost incompatible, goals, and has tried to create a curriculum embracing both. This effort is described and viewed in the context of Won participation in a culture of pluralism and interreligious relations. 相似文献
946.
947.
Uriah Y. Kim 《Reviews in Religion & Theology》2006,13(3):271-278
Book reviewed:
The Postcolonial Biblical Reader , R.S. Sugirtharajah (ed.), Blackwell Publishing 2006 (1-4051-3350-3), xii + 317 pp., pb $32.95 相似文献
The Postcolonial Biblical Reader , R.S. Sugirtharajah (ed.), Blackwell Publishing 2006 (1-4051-3350-3), xii + 317 pp., pb $32.95 相似文献
948.
Kim C. Matthews 《Journal of International Migration and Integration》2006,7(3):367-387
Recognizing discrimination is not always an easy thing to do. This is particularly true in North America where perpetrators’ fears of being labelled have resulted in a shift in the type of discrimination experienced. Incidents may be subtle and ambiguous. As a country of immigration, Canada provides a template for the world community. While conditions for minorities in Canada may rival other countries, improvement is needed. In this paper, narratives of East and Central African Asian Ismailis in Québec are analyzed to demonstrate that understanding the way people perceive discrimination requires not only knowledge of the psychological processes involved but also of the reasons for immigrating, the beliefs about the country of destination prior to migration, and the socio-political conditions in host and sending, societies. The results of this analysis provide policy-relevant information in order to address problems of racism and discrimination more effectively. 相似文献
949.
Juan-José Igartua Magdalena Wojcieszak Nuri Kim 《European journal of social psychology》2019,49(2):385-397
This article assesses the mechanisms whereby first-person narratives featuring stigmatized immigrants improve outgroup attitudes and encourage intergroup contact among prejudiced individuals. We rely on a 2 (imagined contact vs. control) × 2 (similar vs. dissimilar message protagonist) experiment on a systematic sample of native British adults. Results show that encouraging imagined contact prior to reading a short testimonial featuring an immigrant protagonist who is similar to the recipients in terms of social identity enhances identification with the protagonist, thereby improving outgroup attitudes and encouraging intergroup contact, and especially strongly among those who are prejudiced toward immigrants (i.e., high on modern racism). Theoretical and practical implications of the findings for the work on imagined contact, narrative persuasion, and identification, as well as for public communication campaigns, are discussed. 相似文献
950.
Katarzyna Celinska Hung‐En Sung Chunrye Kim Margret Valdimarsdottir 《Journal of Family Therapy》2019,41(2):251-276
This article presents results of a study on the effectiveness of Functional Family Therapy (FFT), a family intervention designed to prevent delinquency. The sample includes 155 court‐involved youth. This study employs two complementary outcomes: court‐obtained data on recidivism and the clinical data on clients’ psychosocial functioning, the Strengths and Needs Assessment (SNA). Adolescents in the treatment and in the comparison groups experienced statistically significant improvements on the majority of the SNA domains. Although youths in the treatment group improved more, the differences between the groups were not statistically significant. Multivariate analysis showed that youths in FFT had significantly lower odds of recidivism as measured by reconvictions for drug offenses, property offenses and technical violations. The results suggest that FFT was effective in reducing recidivism, however, such reductions cannot be attributed to improvements in the SNA scores. 相似文献