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921.
Melvin Mark Renee Reiter Boburka Kristen Eyssell Laurie Cohen Steven Mellor 《Memory (Hove, England)》2013,21(4-5):443-454
We examined a phenomenon related to hindsight bias, specifically, retrospective judgements about the foreseeability of an outcome. We predicted that negative, self-relevant outcomes would be judged as less foreseeable by the recipient of the outcome than by others, unlike either positive outcomes or outcomes that are not self-relevant. In the context of a "stock market decision-making game", the hypothetical stock selected by one of two players showed an extreme increase or decrease. As predicted, the player who received an extreme negative outcome reported that this outcome was less foreseeable than did the opponent and an observer, for whom the outcome was less self-relevant. For no other kind of outcome was there a difference between the recipient of an outcome, the opponent, and the observer. The findings have several implications, including the possibility that hindsight bias should be considered as a special case of retrospective foreseeability. 相似文献
922.
Joseph Cohen 《International Journal of Philosophical Studies》2013,21(4):552-568
AbstractThe following study seeks to explicate, by a close reading of §§ 34 to 53 in Being and Time, the development the idea of sacrifice in Heidegger's early thought. 相似文献
923.
Bruce D. Rapkin PH.D. Kimberly Dumont Arlene Correa M.P.A. Sara Palmer Scott Cohen 《Psychology & health》2013,28(1-2):111-129
Abstract This study presents the development of the Idiographic Functional Status Assessment (IFSA), an interview to assess functional status according to each person's unique point of view. This idiographic method asks people to state their personal goals in terms of things they want to accomplish, problems they want to solve, situations they hope to avoid, roles and relationships they want to maintain, and pursuits they want to relinquish. After describing their goals, respondents rate goal attainment activities they have pursued in the past month in terms of level of difficulty, dependence and other performance dimensions. In a study of 224 people with AIDS, the idiographic measure provided functional status scales that were relatively stable over time, and that correlated well with other subjective well-being measures and heath status criteria. Goal content measures derived from the interview can be used to distinguish sub samples that differ in terms of the determinants of quality of life. 相似文献
924.
Shoshana Shiloh Susan E. Waisbren Bernard E. Cohen Paula St. James Harvey L. Levy 《Psychology & health》2013,28(6):435-446
Abstract Maternal phenylketonuria (PKU) refers to the deleterious effects on a fetus due to high maternal phenylalanine levels. Prevention of these effects requires that women with PKU reduce their blood phenylalanine levels prior to and throughout pregnancy which means that they plan their regnancies and adhere to a phenylalanine restricted diet. According to a psycho-social model of maternal PKU, a first necessary step in preventing the effects of maternal PKU is prevention of unplanned pregnancies i.e.: using effective family planning practices. In the present study, findings are presented on seventy-five phenylketonuric women (60 from the United States and 15 from Israel) who participate in a prospective longitudinal study, to reveal the reasons why the proportion of pregnancies treated prior to conception has consistently been higher in Israel than in the United States. The two groups were interviewed and administered a battery of tests and questionnaires measuring a wide range of variables associated with family planning. Subjects in the United States were found to have more knowledge about fertility, contraception and maternal PKU. Israeli subjects held more negative attitudes towards and were less engaged in premarital sexual relationships, more frequently used oral contraceptives, had stronger motivation to have their own children, and perceived their disease to have a more negative effect on their lives. These findings suggest that the issues in maternal PKU are cultural as well as medical and psychosocial. 相似文献
925.
Marinus H. Van Ijzendoorn Marian J. Bakermans-kranenburg Paul R.J. Falger Corine De Ruiter Leo Cohen 《Psychology & health》2013,28(3):515-526
Abstract In the present study. 83 lower- to upper-middle class mothers of first-born, 12-month-old infants were interviewed with the Adult Attachment Interview (George, Kaplan, and Main, 1985), and completed the Groninger Intelligence Test (Luteijn and Van der Ploeg, 1982). Eighteen months after the beginning of the study, 67 mothers (81% of the original sample) were interviewed with the Structured Interview (Rosenman, 1978), and were observed during a brief, semi-structured play session at home with their child - at that time a 2.5-years-old toddler. They also completed a checklist about major life-events that had occurred during the past 18 months. A large majority of these mothers of young children (81%) showed Type A behavior patterns. The job of parenting, indeed, appears to be stressful. Attachment and Type A behaviors, however, did not seem to be related, probably because the influence of attachment is restricted to the regulation of emotions in intimate relationships. Yet, Type A behavior predicted a more sensitive parenting style than Type B did. All mothers who experienced negative life-events or Serious health problems in the recent past showed Type A behavior patterns. Our findings show that the Structured Interview can be applied in a valid manner to mothers of young children passing trough a demanding phase in their lives. Further research is needed to uncover the causes of the high prevalence of Type A behaviors in young mothers. 相似文献
926.
David Cohen 《Estudios de Psicología》2013,34(10):15-32
RESUMENEn la entrevista de David Cohen a Henri Tajfel se repasan algunos aspectos de la vida y de la obra, así como las opiniones del entrevistado en torno a la Psicología Social del momento. El psicólogo polaco recuerda las casualidades y motivaciones que hicieron que se interesase por la Psicología. Reconoce a Bruner y a su escuela, el “New Look”, como la principal influencia y responde a cuestiones relativas a sus primeros años de formación, donde podemos apreciar la influencia que estos años tuvieron en la evolución posterior de su carrera profesional. Tajfel defiende una concepción de la psicología científica basada en el concepto de comprensión (“Verstehen”). El entrevistado mantiene una postura enfrentada tanto a la psicología más positivista como a la de los psicólogos humanistas. Los comentarios de Carmen Huici y David Cohen acerca del autor -uno de los principales responsables de la creación de una identidad de la psicología social europea- introducen la entrevista. 相似文献
927.
Shawna M. Tanner Jay L. Cohen Erina L. MacGeorge Ruth Anne Clark Sarah Stewart 《Basic and applied social psychology》2013,35(5):329-339
Most social support theory implies that there are objectively supportive people and statements. Yet there is little agreement among perceivers that some people are more supportive than others. Nonetheless, there might be better agreement regarding supportive statements. In three studies, children, college students, and members of a clinical training program rated the supportiveness of specific statements presented by text or video. Agreement among perceivers accounted for only 11% of the variance (range = 8%–12%). Perceivers disagreed because of their traitlike perceptual biases, as well as perceivers’ idiosyncratic tastes. Implications for social support theory were discussed. 相似文献
928.
Florette Cohen Daniel Sullivan Jeff Greenberg 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2011,47(1):88-102
Fantasies and dreams of flight are ubiquitous across cultures and throughout history and often linked to immortality. A perspective derived from terror management theory holds that flight fantasies are appealing because they suggest transcendence of the limitations of creatureliness and mortality. Five studies established the link between mortality concerns and flight fantasy. In Study 1, participants showed greater desire to fly after contemplating death compared to a control topic. In Study 2, participants showed greater desire to fly, but not to engage in other supernatural acts, after contemplating death compared to a control topic. In Studies 3 and 4, participants who engaged in flight fantasy did not subsequently demonstrate defensive reactions to a death reminder observed in nonflight conditions. Study 5 showed that flight fantasy, but not other pleasurable or empowering fantasies, decreased death thought accessibility after mortality salience, and this effect was uniquely mediated by a feeling of freedom from bodily limits. 相似文献
929.
Lindsay B. Carey Priscilla Robinson Jeffrey Cohen 《Journal of religion and health》2011,50(3):743-759
As part of an Australian national project, quantitative data via a survey were retrospectively obtained from 327 Australian
health care chaplains (staff and volunteer chaplains) to initially identify chaplaincy participation in various bioethical
issues—including organ procurement. Over a third of surveyed staff chaplains (38%) and almost a fifth of volunteer chaplains
(19.2%) indicted that they had, in some way, been involved in organ procurement issues with patients and/or their families.
Nearly one-fifth of staff chaplains (19%) and 12% of volunteer chaplains had also assisted clinical staff concerning various
organ procurement issues. One hundred of the surveyed chaplains volunteered to an interview. Qualitative data were subsequently
coded from 42 of the chaplains who had been involved in organ procurement requests. These data were thematically coded using
the World Health Organization ‘Pastoral Intervention Codings’ (WHO-PICs). The qualitative data revealed that through a variety
of pastoral interventions a number of chaplains (the majority being staff chaplains) were engaged in the critical and sensitive
issues of organ procurement. It is argued that while such involvement can help to ensure a holistic and ethically appropriate
practice, it is suggested that chaplains could be better utilized not only in the organ procurement process but also for the
training of other chaplains and clinicians. 相似文献
930.
Numerous studies have shown that musicians outperform nonmusicians on a variety of tasks. Here we provide the first evidence that musicians have superior auditory recognition memory for both musical and nonmusical stimuli, compared to nonmusicians. However, this advantage did not generalize to the visual domain. Previously, we showed that auditory recognition memory is inferior to visual recognition memory. Would this be true even for trained musicians? We compared auditory and visual memory in musicians and nonmusicians using familiar music, spoken English, and visual objects. For both groups, memory for the auditory stimuli was inferior to memory for the visual objects. Thus, although considerable musical training is associated with better musical and nonmusical auditory memory, it does not increase the ability to remember sounds to the levels found with visual stimuli. This suggests a fundamental capacity difference between auditory and visual recognition memory, with a persistent advantage for the visual domain. 相似文献