Stacking-fault formation in [001] small-angle symmetric tilt grain boundaries in cubic zirconia bicrystals

Small-angle symmetric [001] tilt grain boundaries in cubic zirconia bicrystals with misorientation angles 2θ =1.0° and 2θ =5.0° have been fabricated by diffusion bonding. High-resolution electron microscopy observations revealed that the 1.0° boundary consists of a periodic array of mixed dislocations with Burgers vector b =( a /2)[101] or b = ( a /2)[101], while the 5.0° boundary consists of a periodic array of edge dislocations with Burgers vector b = ( a /2)[100], associated with stacking faults at alternate intervals. This suggests that there is a critical angle for structural transitions in the series of the [001] small-angle tilt grain boundaries.     

Microstructural characterization and high-temperature strength of hot-pressed silicon nitride ceramics with Lu2O3 additives

The microstructures of two hot-pressed Si₃N₄ ceramics, with 3.33 and 12.51 wt% Lu₂O₃ additive, have been characterized using transmission electron microscopy. The microstructures of both samples consisted of elongated β-Si₃N₄ grains and a secondary phase, contained in pockets surrounded by the grains, with a crystalline or amorphous form. In the 3.33 wt% Lu₂O₃-containing Si₃N₄ ceramic, all the multiple-grain junctions were completely crystalline while, in the 12.51 wt% Lu₂O₃-containing Si₃N₄ ceramic, approximately half the junctions were devitrified. A thin intergranular amorphous film present between the two-grain boundary was common; however, a film-free grain boundary was observed in the 12.51 wt% Lu₂O₃ sample. The film-free grain boundary was determined to be approximately 35%. Both ceramics fractured in four-point flexure between 1200 and 1600°C. Their high-temperature strength is closely associated with the nature of the grain-boundary phase formed during the sintering process.     

How do young children’s spatio-symbolic skills change over short time scales?

Three experiments were designed to examine how experience affects young children's spatio-symbolic skills over short time scales. Spatio-symbolic reasoning refers to the ability to interpret and use spatial relations, such as those encountered on a map, to solve symbolic tasks. We designed three tasks in which the featural and spatial correspondences between a map and its referent (a model) were systematically manipulated using a map-model paradigm. We explored how 2.5- to 5-year-olds learn to map spatial arrays when both identical and unique correspondences coexist (Experiment 1), when featural cues are absent (Experiment 2), and when object and location similarities are contradictory, thereby making both featural and spatial mapping strategies distinct (Experiment 3). Although younger children have a stronger tendency to focus on object (or featural) cues, even 2.5-year-olds can appreciate a symbol beyond the level of object similarity. With age, children are increasingly capable of learning to use spatio-relational mapping and of discovering a spatio-symbolic mapping strategy to solve more challenging map use tasks over short time scales.     

The illness concept in adolescent psychiatry

This paper introduces some important views on the clinical entities of the adolescent psychiatry in Japan. Shimizu shows the transitional region between neurosis, schizophrenia and normal. Murakami's new classification tells the relationship among the psychiatric disorders, especially about the borderline disorder. Hatotani's scheme deals with the atypical psychoses very well. According to the idea of Griesinger's "Einheitspsychose" arranges my symptomatic picture several ambiguous symptoms of the adolescent psychiatric disorders. In this picture we can understand the meaning of the borderline disorder. At last I give the catastrophic model of psychiatric disorders.     

Group play therapy for Japanese children who stutter

Twenty-one sessions of group play therapy were conducted with children who stutter in order to improve their stuttering and to promote their development in social adaptation. Follow-up surveys were made 6 mo and 5 yr after therapy.As therapy progressed, a definite process of change was observed in each child, from periods of anxiety, appearance of aggressive behavior, frequent occurence of aggressive behavior, to a decrease in aggressive behavior. After the appearance of aggressive behavior, a fluctuation in stuttering occured as cooperative play with other children was established. This was followed by a decrease in stuttering. The appearance of aggressive behavior during therapy is thought to be of major significance for the disappearance of stuttering and for interpersonal relationships.A follow-up survey showed that both stuttering and social adjustment had improved, indicating the effectiveness of therapy.     

The relation between preparatory stance and trunk rotation movements

The influence of preparatory stance on rotation movement reaction time of the trunk by bending of the knee and hip joint(s) was examined in 12 subjects. Four preparatory stances were examined: straight knee and hip extension (STAND), slight flexion of knee joints and hip joint (LIGHT), deep flexion (DEEP), and free initial position, i.e. that felt to be the most comfortable and effective (FREE). There was no significant influence of the preparatory stance on hip latency, but there were significant differences between the preparatory stances on response time (RT) and movement time (MT). Furthermore, using a quadratic curve fitting technique, knee joint angles of 24.8 degrees and a hip joint angle of 23.3 degrees were shown to be the optimum flexion angles in the preparatory stance for the initiation of quick trunk rotation movements. It is proposed that mechanical factors have considerably more effects on trunk rotation movements than does the nervous system.     

Emergence of symmetry in a visual conditional discrimination by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)

In Exp. 1, three young chimpanzees were trained to match red to a cross and green to a circle in an arbitrary matching-to-sample task. After acquisition of this task, they were tested for the emergence of associative symmetry of these conditional relations using the trials on which shapes were presented as samples and colors as comparisons. One of the three chimpanzees showed statistically significant accuracy on these test trials. This successful subject served in Exp. 2, in which an auditory-visual stimulus appeared contingent upon red and a cross while another auditory-visual stimulus was contingent upon green and a circle. This subject showed higher accuracies in symmetry tests than in Exp. 1, which suggested the facilitative effects of these events common to sample and correct comparison on the development of symmetry. In Exp. 3, subsequent tests in which only these stimuli were presented as samples indicated that these stimuli might have become the members of equivalence classes.     

Gender Role Development in Japanese Culture: Diminishing Gender Role Differences in a Contemporary Society

This paper presents the development of the Japanese Gender Role Index (JGRI) and Japanese men's and women's self-ratings on the scale. Two hundred ninety-six Japanese words that describe masculine and feminine characteristics were gathered. Examination of endorsements by 200 Japanese participants indicated 66 items as socially desirable characteristics for either men or women in the society. The validation process, including social desirability ratings, factor analysis, and confirmatory factor analysis, identified 2 subscales with 10 items for each. Internal consistency and the means and standard deviations of social desirability ratings for the subscales were also examined. Self-ratings on the JGRI by 423 Japanese participants showed that there was no significant difference between men and women on feminine and masculine characteristics. It was also found that both men and women possessed an equivalent amount of masculine and feminine characteristics.