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41.
Psychological Research - Theoretical models suggest that maintenance and updating are two functional states of working memory (WM), which are controlled by a gate between perceptual information and... 相似文献
42.
Compulsive checking is known to influence memory, yet there is little consideration of checking as a cognitive style within the typical population. We employed a working memory task where letters had to be remembered in their locations. The key experimental manipulation was to induce repeated checking after encoding by asking about a stimulus that had not been presented. We recorded the effect that such misleading probes had on a subsequent memory test. Participants drawn from the typical population but who scored highly on a checking‐scale had poorer memory and less confidence than low scoring individuals. While thoroughness is regarded as a quality, our results indicate that a cognitive style that favours repeated checking does not always lead to the best performance as it can undermine the authenticity of memory traces. This may affect various aspects of everyday life including the work environment and we discuss its implications and possible counter‐measures. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
43.
Brodsky W Kessler Y Rubinstein BS Ginsborg J Henik A 《Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance》2008,34(2):427-445
This study investigated the mental representation of music notation. Notational audiation is the ability to internally "hear" the music one is reading before physically hearing it performed on an instrument. In earlier studies, the authors claimed that this process engages music imagery contingent on subvocal silent singing. This study refines the previously developed embedded melody task and further explores the phonatory nature of notational audiation with throat-audio and larynx-electromyography measurement. Experiment 1 corroborates previous findings and confirms that notational audiation is a process engaging kinesthetic-like covert excitation of the vocal folds linked to phonatory resources. Experiment 2 explores whether covert rehearsal with the mind's voice also involves actual motor processing systems and suggests that the mental representation of music notation cues manual motor imagery. Experiment 3 verifies findings of both Experiments 1 and 2 with a sample of professional drummers. The study points to the profound reliance on phonatory and manual motor processing--a dual-route stratagem--used during music reading. Further implications concern the integration of auditory and motor imagery in the brain and cross-modal encoding of a unisensory input. 相似文献
44.
The study examined similarities and differences between people having individualist and collectivist cultural orientations
in terms of what they perceive as stressful and uplifting experiences in their daily lives, and the relation between daily
experiences and family and life satisfaction. Data were collected from two representative community samples (697 Jews and
303 Arabs). Each sample was grouped into individualist and collectivist cultural orientations. The two cultural orientation
groups differed with respect to the appraisal of positive and negative daily experiences. A structural equation modeling (SEM)
multi-group analysis indicated a similar factor structure for hassles and uplifts in both groups. However, the two groups
differed in the effects of positive and negative daily occurrences on family and life satisfaction. 相似文献
45.
Rodger Kessler 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》2008,15(1):65-72
Psychology and medicine research and practice have demonstrated substantial and unique bodies of knowledge designed to both
improve patient care and respond to contemporary health care needs for use of evidence and cost consciousness. At their full
potential they represent a significant paradigm shift in healthcare. Despite impressive successes, it is clear that we are
just on the cusp of such a change. These findings have had limited impact and penetration into medical practice, particularly
outside of academic medicine and large, organized systems of health care, and there are multiple examples of such limitations
in various arenas of health care. There also appear to be common themes to such examples which provide us opportunities to
consider how psychologists might move things ahead. They also suggest how our unique position in academic medicine can both
limit our impact and provide ways of creating continued shifts in the healthcare paradigm.
This paper is based in part on the author’s presentation at the Association of Psychologists in Academic Health Centers 3rd
National Conference in Minneapolis, Minnesota, May 2007. 相似文献
46.
This study explores the constructed meanings of falling in love in midlife. In depth interviews were conducted with 12 participants,
all of whom had experienced falling in love in midlife. Analysis of the interview data suggest that midlife forms the prism
through which the experience of falling in love is perceived: it provides the context, colors the experience, and characterizes
its unique nature. The uniqueness is created primarily through dialectic between affirmations (compatibility with the notion
of love) and negations (contrasting experiences). 相似文献
47.
An important aspect of Israeli life is its continuous state of conflict with the neighboring Palestinian people and Arab countries. Given that security-related stress is so intensely experienced by all Israeli residents, we examined the effects of daily fluctuations in security-related stress on dyadic closeness among Jewish and Arab couples. Time sampling approach was used to study repeated sequences of associations between stress and dyadic closeness. Data were collected from 188 Jewish and 93 Arab couples by means of daily diaries. Hierarchical multivariate linear modeling was used to analyze the data. The findings indicate that stress results in increasing distance between intimate partners, but the effect varies with the level of marital quality and socioethnic affiliation. 相似文献
48.
Memory recall has been proposed as a common and effective mood regulation strategy. Although several studies have presented results suggesting that recalling valenced memories affects subsequent mood, their designs allow for alternative interpretations of the observed effects. Two such alternatives include the reverse effect (mood effects on memory due to non-experimental assignment to memory recall condition) and demand characteristics of the experiment. We used covert experimental assignment to memory condition, asking subjects (N=314; 56% female) to recall memories that were primarily positive, neutral, or negative. Results showed the expected effect on mood (p<.002), with reported mood worst in the negative memory condition, better in the neutral condition, and best in the positive condition. These results suggest that valenced memory recall does indeed exert an effect on mood, and may do so even without the individual's awareness. 相似文献
49.
Immo Fritsche Thomas Kessler Amélie Mummendey Jörg Neumann 《European journal of social psychology》2009,39(1):3-21
Violations of social norms can either be evaluated in an absolute or in a gradual fashion depending on whether group goals are represented as minimal or maximal goals. Recent research has shown that absolute versus gradual deviations lead to increased levels of demanded punishment and inclination to exclude the deviant from the respective moral community. In this article, we investigate whether individual differences in orientation towards setting goals in either minimal or maximal terms predict reactions to norm violation. In three studies we found that a dominant minimal goal orientation (MIN) relative to maximal goal orientation (MAX) increased punishment inclinations and social exclusion tendencies towards norm violators. These effects were mediated by affective reaction and proved to be unique goal orientation effects when possible effects of need for closure, intolerance of ambiguity and regulatory focus were controlled for. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
50.
Yoav Shoham 《Journal of Philosophical Logic》2009,38(6):633-647
While logical theories of information attitudes, such as knowledge, certainty and belief, have flourished in the past two
decades, formalization of other facets of rational behavior have lagged behind significantly. One intriguing line of research
concerns the concept of intention. I will discuss one approach to tackling the notion within a logical framework, based on
a database perspective. 相似文献