弗雷格《概念文字》理解的两点注记

文章旨在简要地讨论弗雷格《概念文字》,指出其中的两个重要但被一些国内学者误解或忽略的贡献：首先我们指出,根据Boolos等人的论证,弗雷格《概念文字》中的逻辑本质上是带完整二阶存在概括规则的二阶逻辑,这点在国内一些学者的著作与文章中存在误解;其次,我们讨论弗雷格如何用遗传性概念来定义祖先关系,进而定义自然数或有穷数,并使得数学归纳法仅根据自然数的定义就得以成立,这也为弗雷格把算术还原为逻辑奠定了基础。     

Measuring QoL with SF-36 in Older Americans with TBI

This study demonstrated reliability and factor structure of the Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) among older Americans with Traumatic brain injury (TBI), and evaluated effects of injury severity and race on SF-36's items and latent domains. A representative sample of 654 older, racially diverse patients with TBI was selected from the South Carolina Traumatic Brain Injury Follow-up Registry. Reliability and factor structure of SF-36 were evaluated using Cronbach’s alpha and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Multiple-indicator multiple-causes (MIMIC) models were used to study effects of injury severity and race on items (differential item functioning, DIF) and latent domains (population heterogeneity) of SF-36. SF-36 was reliable and its current eightfactor structure was confirmed. While TBI severity did not impact latent domain scores of SF-36, race did. Blacks had higher vitality and lower role-emotional scores than whites. The measurement model was invariant to injury severity and race (free of DIF), and DIF did not contribute to the differences of vitality and role-emotional between black and white older TBI patients. SF-36 was valid to measure quality of life (OoL) after TBI in racially diverse elderly population. Blacks tend to assert to strong coping behaviors in the presence of physical stress while admitting low performance due to emotional stress. In QoL research where the primary outcomes are usually composite scores from instruments, MIMIC models have advantages over conventional multivariable regression models in testing the validity of the instruments and assessing covariate effects on latent traits of instruments while controlling for DIF effects.     

Likelihood of attending to the color word modulates Stroop interference

Three experiments investigated whether the Stroop color-naming effect is modulated by the likelihood of a color word capturing visual attention. In Experiment 1, a bar or a neutral word was presented at fixation as a color carrier, along with a color word randomly appearing in either an achromatic color (white in the main experiment, gray in a follow-up) or purple. Reduction of the Stroop effect (known as Stroop dilution) occurred when the color word was achromatic but not (or to a lesser extent) when it was in purple. In Experiment 2, the color of the color word remained constant throughout trial blocks, and Stroop dilution was equally evident when the word was always in purple and when it was always in white. In Experiment 3, a color bar was presented as the color carrier with both a color word and a neutral word. In this case, the Stroop effect was larger when the color word appeared in purple, and smaller when the neutral word appeared in purple, than when neither word did. These results imply that the extent to which processing of a color word occurs is determined by the likelihood of the word capturing attention.     

时间性·介入·政治有效性——萨特与加缪的一场世纪争论的启示

萨特和加缪是上世纪法国的两位著名文学家和思想家,同为二战时期地下抵抗运动的生死战友,也是惺惺相惜的文学同道。虽然他们有时同被归属于存在主义阵营,但相互之间仍然存在着巨大的     

《回教考略》与清末民初的回耶对话

清末民初发生在中国回族穆斯林和基督教传教士之间的"回耶对话",是历史上文明对话研究的生动个案。而促成两方积极对话的《回教考略》(《四教考略》有关伊斯兰教部分的单行本)一书,则是其中尤其值得关注的关节点。通过《回教考略》的出版以及版本状况的查询、《回教考略》对伊斯兰教批评的具体状况的分析、回族穆斯林学者针对《回教考略》有所反响的八个个案的收集(在回族穆斯林学者中有相当的代表性),我们可以认识到《回教考略》一书在引起回族穆斯林学者注意到并起而反驳基督教对伊斯兰教的批评等方面都有着重要的影响。而从文明对话的角度进行分析,我们还可以看到围绕着《回教考略》的回耶对话的一些特点:其一,这一回耶对话总体上是因为基督教对伊斯兰教的明确批评及试图传教引起的,回族穆斯林学者对基督教方面所描述的有关伊斯兰教内容的辩驳和对基督教的批评,具有必然性;其二,对于伊斯兰教方面而言,这一回耶对话有着相当的"卫教"色彩;其三,虽然当时基督教处于一种主动的且是强势的地位,但这一次回耶之间的对话,却大抵是在一种平等的关系下进行的。     

建国后毛泽东农业合作思想的困窘与张力——基于"组织起来"的视角

"组织起来"像一条金线贯穿于建国后的农业合作化运动中,也渗透在毛泽东的农业合作思想中.作为毛泽东农业合作思想有力的通俗表达方式,"组织起来"蕴含着丰富的内涵,也有着背后的政治逻辑."组织起来"在一定程度上促进了农田水利建设,发展了农业生产,支援了工业化建设,但是,基于那个时代的局限,经验的有限与实践的复杂,毛泽东农业合作化思想在实践过程中凸显出理论、利益及制度方面的困窘,从而不可避免地在农业合作实践中遭受挫折和失败.今天,面对亿万分散的一家一户的小农经济,2010年中央一号文件进一步提出"着力提高农业生产经营组织化程度",毛泽东"组织起来"的农业合作思想再次呈现其广阔的前景和张力.     

2009年-2011年广州市甲型H1N1流感监测定量研究

本文对广州市2009年7月～2011年1月的发热呼吸道监测数据进行了定量分析,并在此分析的基础上提出了相关政策建议,比如加强人群分类管理、加快疫苗研制、避免抗病毒药物的滥用、重视健康管理和健康教育以及遵循预防控制原则等。     

青少年学校归属感问卷编制

该研究在开放式问卷与相关研究基础上,编制了学校归属感初始问卷。对240名学生初始测试后进行探索性因素分析,然后对440名学生的正式测验结果进行验证性因素分析。结果表明学生归属感问卷包括四个维度：同伴关系,教师支持,规章制度,硬件设施。验证性因素分析后各个数据均达到可接受水平,四维度模型拟合度较好。问卷具有良好的信度与效度,可以作为青少年学校归属感水平的测量工具。     

唯识与般若中观所说十六空之异同——以《辩中边论》、《大般若经》第二会和《大智度论》为中心

本文以《辩中边论》、《大般若经》第二会卷488和《大智度论》为中心,对瑜伽行派和《般若经》以及中观派所说之十六空的含义进行了具体的比较,并从四个方面对三者阐释的异同做了细致的分析和总结,指出唯识学者对十六空的阐释侧重于有情能所的角度来说,对于空性、真如则侧重于有的角度加以诠释;而《般若经》和中观派则偏重于从一切法平等和空的角度来说。另外,本文还特别指出了龙树在其《大智度论》中也从有情妄执的角度来谈论空,对于第一义空也从肯定和真实有的角度加以阐释。由此可略窥唯识与中观在空义阐释上的会通与歧异之处。