Hydrogen-induced cold cracking in heat-affected zone of low-carbon high-strength steel

The Y-groove cracking test by submerged arc welding was employed to study the susceptibility of a low-carbon high-strength steel to hydrogen-induced cold cracking (HICC). The morphology of hydrogen cracks was observed using an electron probe microscope. The results showed that the heat-affected zone (HAZ) has a higher susceptibility to HICC than the weld metal and that increasing heat input can improve the HICC resistance of the weldment. The intergranular microcracking is the main HICC mode at the lowest heat input condition, accompanied with some transgranular microcracks attached to complex inclusions. In combination with phase transformation behaviour in sub-zones, the effect of the phase transformation sequence is proposed to try to illustrate the fact that the fine-grained HAZ has higher probability of hydrogen cracking than the coarse-grained HAZ owing to the occurrence of hydrogen enrichment in the fine-grained HAZ after the transformation.     

当代心智哲学研究的12个问题及其他

自古希腊文明时期起,人类就开始了对心智(m ind)奥秘孜孜不倦的探索。然而,在20世纪后半叶之前,心智在哲学中的研究一直处于非主流状态。在过去的30年里,这种情况发生了很大的改变,心智哲学成为哲学研究的中心论题之一,它带动和涵盖了其他许多哲学分支的研究。心智哲学的当代领军人物之一、美国著名哲学家塞尔(John R.Searle)甚至指出:“50年前语言哲学被认为是‘第一哲学’,现在这一位置由心智哲学所取代。”[1]正是基于这一认识,塞尔在他的新作《心智》一书中总结了当代心智哲学应该加以深入研究的12个基本问题,这些问题是在笛卡尔传统…     

Perfectionism mediated the relationship between brain structure variation and negative emotion in a nonclinical sample

In maladaptive respects, perfectionism reflects an individual’s concern over making mistakes and doubting the quality of his or her own actions excessively, which would affect one’s emotion. However, little is known about the neural mechanisms associated with the perfectionism and negative affect. In this study, voxel-based morphometry was performed to identify the brain regions underlying individual differences in perfectionism, which was measured by the Chinese Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (CFMPS), in a large sample of nonclinical young adults. Our results showed that the two subdimensions of the perfectionism, concern over mistakes (CM) and doubts about actions (DA), were both positively correlated with the self-reported anxiety and depression as well as the gray matter volume (GMV) in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), a pivotal brain region in cognitive control, affective state, and regulation. Moreover, CM, DA, and organization scores were respectively correlated with distributed brain regions involved in multiple cognitive and emotion processes. Our results furthermore revealed that the score of DA acted a mediational mechanism underlying the relationship between the GMV of ACC and self-rating negative affect (anxiety and depression). Taken together, these results might suggest the neuroanatomical basis of perfectionism and the association among the perfectionism, negative emotion, and brain architecture. This study emphasized that perfectionism could play a crucial role in the arousal of negative affect.     

Trait compassion is associated with the neural substrate of empathy

Individual differences in the personality trait Agreeableness underlie humans’ ability to interpret social cues and coordinate effectively with others. However, previous investigations of the neural basis of Agreeableness have yielded largely inconsistent results. Recent evidence has demonstrated that Agreeableness can be divided into two, correlated subdimensions. Compassion reflects tendencies toward empathy, sympathy, and concern for others, while Politeness reflects tendencies toward compliance and refraining from aggression and exploitation. The present study seeks to clarify the neural substrates of Agreeableness by examining whether structural differences in the brain show distinct associations with Compassion and Politeness. Results of a meta-analysis of fMRI studies examining empathy were used to generate hypotheses about the brain regions and networks that underlie trait Compassion. Results of a large-scale structural neuroimaging investigation (N = 275) were largely consistent with the meta-analysis: Compassion was positively correlated with gray matter volume in the bilateral anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and anterior insula (AI). Further, these differences appear to be associated with Compassion specifically, as opposed to Politeness, suggesting that these two traits have at least partially distinct neuroanatomical substrates.     

知觉表征精度对工作记忆中抑制干扰能力的影响

工作记忆的容量十分有限,需要选择性地抑制与目标无关信息的干扰,工作记忆容量高的个体,其抑制干扰的能力也更强。本研究采用带有不同形状干扰刺激的色块颜色回忆任务考察干扰对工作记忆容量和表征精度的影响,结果发现,当负荷超出工作记忆容量范围时,干扰减少了记忆所能表征客体的个数;当负荷在工作记忆容量范围内时,干扰降低了记忆中表征客体的精度。更进一步,研究采用独立的知觉任务来测量知觉表征的精度,并探讨作为信息加工的初始阶段的知觉表征如何影响工作记忆加工过程中抑制干扰的能力。将实验中收集的48名有效被试按照知觉表征精度的高低平均分为两组,结果发现上述干扰效应主要表现在知觉表征精度较低的组中,并且该组中知觉表征精度越高的个体,其工作记忆抑制干扰的能力也越强。本研究为实践中通过知觉训练来提升工作记忆的抑制干扰能力提供了理论指导。     

人类胚胎干细胞研究伦理问题的调查和讨论

此次对各级医生进行关于人类胚胎干细胞研究伦理认知的调查研究,其目的是为制订相关的伦理准则提供认知依据,调查是在我国东西部二个城市的8家三级医院进行,采用随机抽样、自愿无记名填写信息表方法调查.调查结果表明,50%以上医生认为早期胚胎不是道德意义的人,70%以上医生对胚胎干细胞的研究表示支持.海峡两岸的医生由于有相同的文化根源,在对待胚胎干细胞研究的伦理观点及态度上极其接近.     

旅游决策影响因素研究

本研究采用自编的《旅游决策影响因素问卷》,对旅游决策的影响因素,进行了调查研究。结果发现．旅游决策的影响因素．可以分成六个类别．即旅游服务因素、社会支持因素、群体支持因素、个人心理因素、个人社会经济因素,以及其他因素。此外．旅游决策还受决策者的人口统计学特征的制约。     

有关条件推理认知机制的概率理论

条件推理主要有两种研究范式：演绎形式(MP、DA、AC、MT)和变通形式(四卡问题)。已往研究主要探讨了内容因素、情境因素以及元认知因素等对条件推理的影响,形成了若干理论模型和观点。近来、Oaksford等人研究了概率因素对条件推理的影响．提出了条件概率模型。本文对这种新的研究取向作了详细的介绍和评价,并对未来研究进行了展望。     

有关我国宗教工作方针理论问题的座谈会发言——从“鸦片论”触发的话题谈起

根据中国无神论学会几位从事宗教理论政策研究的理事建议,2010年1月22日本刊编辑部邀请部分长期从事宗教事务管理工作和统战工作的老领导、老同志举行了一次小型座谈会。座谈是由《中国宗教》杂志2008年第11期的文章《从"精神鸦片"到"社会资本"》直接引发的这篇文章涉及到中国共产党对宗教的方针政策究竟是什么,它的理论依据和在中国实践的根据是什么,中华人民共和国建国60年来,前30年与后30年是否有原则性的变化等问题,这些老同志作了正本清源的发言,并介绍了他们在实际工作中的经历与总结。有实践依据,有理论高度,对我们是一种震撼和启迪。会议由学会秘书长、中国社会科学院科学与无神论研究中心主任习五一主持。座谈会上的发言,根据录音略加整理,按发言次序发表如后,供感兴趣的同好者参考。其实,评论执政党的宗教方针政策及其理论和实践,在公开的媒体和学术报刊上早就有了存在各种不同认识和观点,以致引起辩论,应该是正常的,有益的。但自《马克思主义宗教观必须与时俱进》在2001年12月16日首发以来,相关舆论出现了一边倒的迹象,至这篇《从"精神鸦片"到"社会资本"》将这种倾向推到了一个新的坡度,引起人们的特别关注是当然的。不仅如此,《中国宗教》的主管单位是国家宗教事务局。《从"精神鸦片"到"社会资本"》一文的发表,使人容易把作者的言论误作官方的意向,具有了舆论的甚至政策的导向性假象。因此,辨清其中的是非不仅有学术意义,也有现实意义。我们将以此次座谈为契机,就有关问题持续地进行讨论,欢迎大家参与。     

汉字识别侧抑制效应的实验研究

以汉字作为实验材料,采用侧抑制任务范式,考察了不同性质冲突任务下的汉字识别情况.结果发现:反应冲突条件下的反应时显著长于无冲突条件,侧抑制效应非常明显;刺激冲突任务中,只有字音干扰条件表现出了侧抑制效应,字形和字义干扰条件下的反应时与无冲突条件均无显著差异.实验结果说明,侧抑制效应可能受认知加工阶段的影响;汉字字音与形、义特征的加工过程可能并不相同,语音的激活可能要早于语义和字形的激活.