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241.
Numerous theories of consciousness hold that there are separate neural correlates of conscious experience and cognitive function, aligning with the assumption that there are 'hard' and 'easy' problems of consciousness. Here, we argue that any neurobiological theory based on an experience/function division cannot be empirically confirmed or falsified and is thus outside the scope of science. A 'perfect experiment' illustrates this point, highlighting the unbreachable boundaries of the scientific study of consciousness. We describe a more nuanced notion of cognitive access that captures personal experience without positing the existence of inaccessible conscious states. Finally, we discuss the criteria necessary for forming and testing a falsifiable theory of consciousness. 相似文献
242.
Intentions have been shown to be more accessible (e.g., more quickly and accurately recalled) compared to other sorts of to-be-remembered information; a result termed an intention superiority effect (Goschke & Kuhl, 1993). In the current study, we demonstrate an intention interference effect (IIE) in which color-naming performance in a Stroop task was slower for words belonging to an intention that participants had to remember to carry out (Do-the-Task condition) versus an intention that did not have to be executed (Ignore-the-Task condition). In previous work (e.g., Cohen et al., 2005), having a prospective intention in mind was confounded with carrying a memory load. In Experiment 1, we added a digit-retention task to control for effects of cognitive load. In Experiment 2, we eliminated the memory confound in a new way, by comparing intention-related and control words within each trial. Results from both Experiments 1 and 2 revealed an IIE suggesting that interference is very specific to the intention, not just to a memory load. 相似文献
243.
A test of any science is its ability to predict events under specified conditions. A test for the psychology represented in this special issue of the American Psychologist is its ability to predict individual and social behavior in the aftermath of a next terror attack. This article draws on that science to make such predictions. These predictions are conditioned on both the nature of the attack and our institutional preparations for it. Some attacks will test our resilience more than others. Whatever the attack, we will reduce its impacts if our institutions take advantage of psychological science. That science can reduce the scope of attacks by limiting terrorists' ability to organize their operations and by enhancing our ability to restrain them. It can reduce the impacts of any attacks that do occur by strengthening the institutions and civil society that must respond to them. Realizing these possibilities will require our social institutions to rely on science, rather than intuition, in dealing with these threats. It will require our profession to provide psychologists with rewards for public service, applied research, and interdisciplinary collaboration, as demanded by complex problems. Responding to these challenges could strengthen society and psychology. 相似文献
244.
Observers are poor at reporting the identities of objects that they have successfully tracked (Pylyshyn, Visual Cognition, 11, 801-822, 2004; Scholl & Pylyshyn, Cognitive Psychology, 38, 259-290, 1999). Consequently, it has been claimed that objects are tracked in a manner that does not encode their identities (Pylyshyn, 2004). Here, we present evidence that disputes this claim. In a series of experiments, we show that attempting to track the identities of objects can decrease an observer's ability to track the objects' locations. This indicates that the mechanisms that track, respectively, the locations and identities of objects draw upon a common resource. Furthermore, we show that this common resource can be voluntarily distributed between the two mechanisms. This is clear evidence that the location- and identity-tracking mechanisms are not entirely dissociable. 相似文献
245.
A major issue in visual scene recognition involves the extraction of recurring chunks from a sequence of complex scenes. Previous studies have suggested that this kind of learning is accomplished according to Bayesian principles that constrain the types of extracted chunks. Here we show that perceptual grouping cues are also incorporated in this Bayesian model, providing additional evidence for the possible span of chunks. Experiment 1 replicates previous results showing that observers can learn three-element chunks without learning smaller, two-element chunks embedded within them. Experiment 2 shows that the very same embedded chunks are learned if they are grouped by perceptual cues, suggesting that perceptual grouping cues play an important role in chunk extraction from complex scenes. 相似文献
246.
247.
Although military children are typically as resilient as the general child population, the ongoing conflict has exposed military
children to unusual stressors such as repeated deployment, severe injury, or the death of a parent or sibling. U.S. forces
have experienced more than 5,600 casualties during Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom, with growing numbers
of suicides among Service members. These deaths have affected thousands of military children. Most bereaved military children
experience adaptive grief characterized by deep sadness, longing for the deceased person, and being comforted by positive
memories of the deceased. A smaller number of military children develop childhood traumatic grief, characterized by trauma
symptoms that interfere with adaptive grieving. Children with traumatic grief get “stuck” on the traumatic aspects of the
death such as picturing the imagined or real details of the death; imagining the pain their loved one experienced in the moments
before dying; wishing for revenge; and becoming angry at those who do not understand or share the child’s thoughts and feelings
about the death. These children avoid reminders of the deceased person. Trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy (TF-CBT)
is an evidence-based treatment for children with trauma symptoms including those with traumatic grief. TF-CBT may be particularly
suitable for military families. This article describes the clinical application of TF-CBT for traumatic grief in military
children. 相似文献
248.
Part I of this article, published in the March 2010 issue of the Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal, traces and addresses the provision of unproven stem cell treatments in Russia and India, examines the concept of innovative treatment, and concludes that stronger regulations are needed to protect the health and informed choices of patients. The current paper, Part II, proposes that the regulatory frameworks for the development of safe and efficacious treatments in effect in the United States and the United Kingdom provide examples of strong oversight measures from which countries seeking to obtain international credibility for their biotechnological competence could draw when developing regulations for stem cell treatments. Major sources of information available to persons who consider receiving such unproven treatments are explored in order to understand and address their concerns. The paper concludes with proposed measures to inform those considering the pursuit of unproven stem cell treatments abroad more accurately about their efficacy and safety and provide them with improved medical and social support in their home countries. 相似文献
249.
Interest in mindfulness-based interventions for children and adolescents is growing, but despite substantial evidence that
parental distress and psychopathology adversely affects children, there is little research on how mindfulness-based parenting
interventions might benefit the child as well as the parent. As an established intervention for prevention of depressive relapse,
mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) conducted with parents is an intervention that potentially could improve parent–child
relationships, reduce child symptoms, and promote healthy child development. Mindful parenting interventions bring mindful
attention directly to parent–child interactions and are similar but not identical to existing clinical mindfulness interventions
such as MBCT. Mindfulness-based parenting interventions have an interpersonal, rather than intrapsychic focus, with particular
attention given to the parent–child relationship. Preliminary research suggests that this intervention approach may reduce
stress, enhance parenting satisfaction, decrease child aggression, and increase children’s prosocial behaviors. Initial evidence
supporting the effectiveness of mindful parenting programs is promising and supports our call for ongoing research. 相似文献
250.
Mark S. Gilzenrat Sander Nieuwenhuis Marieke Jepma Jonathan D. Cohen 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2010,10(2):252-269
An important dimension of cognitive control is the adaptive regulation of the balance between exploitation (pursuing known
sources of reward) and exploration (seeking new ones) in response to changes in task utility. Recent studies have suggested
that the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system may play an important role in this function and that pupil diameter can be
used to index locus coeruleus activity. On the basis of this, we reasoned that pupil diameter may correlate closely with control
state and associated changes in behavior. Specifically, we predicted that increases in baseline pupil diameter would be associated
with decreases in task utility and disengagement from the task (exploration), whereas reduced baseline diameter (but increases
in task-evoked dilations) would be associated with task engagement (exploitation). Findings in three experiments were consistent
with these predictions, suggesting that pupillometry may be useful as an index of both control state and, indirectly, locus
coeruleus function. 相似文献