关于阿尔茨海默病个体化治疗的思考

阿尔茨海默病（Alzheimer＇s disease ,AD）患者是亟需社会关注的特殊群体,因老年人常罹患多个系统疾病,用药种类繁多,考虑到药物不良反应与相互作用,临床医生在针对老年人用药时,在注重整体性的同时更要关注个体化治疗,辩证施治。药物基因组学是研究基因多态性及其他形式变异引起药物代谢酶、药物转运体和药物作用靶点功能异常,导致药动学和药效学在群体和个体差异的一门科学。它以药物效应及安全性为目标,研究各种基因突变与药效及安全性的关系,掀起了临床用药观念的颠覆性变革,为阿尔茨海默病个体化治疗提供了崭新的视角。     

What Differentiates Employees' Job Performance Under Stressful Situations: The Role of General Self-Efficacy

The aim of this research is to verify the two-dimensional challenge–hindrance stressor framework in the Chinese context, and investigate the moderating effect of general self-efficacy in the stress process. Data were collected from 164 Chinese employee–supervisor dyads. The results demonstrated that challenge stressors were positively related to job performance while hindrance stressors were negatively related to job performance. Furthermore, general self-efficacy strengthened the positive relationship between challenge stressors and job performance, whereas the attenuating effect of general self-efficacy on the negative relationship between hindrance stressors and job performance was nonsignificant. These findings qualify the two-dimensional challenge–hindrance stressor framework, and support the notion that employees with high self-efficacy benefit more from the positive effect of challenge stressors in the workplace. By investigating the role of an individual difference variable in the challenge–hindrance stressor framework, this research provides a more accurate picture of the nature of job stress, and enhances our understanding of the job stressor–job performance relationship.     

The morality of vengeance: Confucianism and Tutuism in dialogue

This paper analyzes two main pro-vengeance Confucian arguments in light of Desmond Tutu's thinking. In the absence of just authority, Confucianism argues that carrying out blood vengeance is fulfillment of filial piety and fulfillment of moral duty for deterring crime and reforming the wrongdoer's character. Confucianism does not propose a systematic theory of blood vengeance after laws have been installed to prohibit act of revenge. As Confucian ethics focuses on virtue cultivation and advocates moral learning over punishment, it may find the Tutuist approach of addressing wrongdoing compatible and complementary. In line with Tutuism, we argue that revenge is not justified because engaging in vengeance fuels negative and obsessive emotions, which undermine virtue and may lead to undesirable results, such as escalation of violence and harming of the innocent. Moreover, we defend that more conditions need to be met than the ones enunciated by the pro-vengeance standpoint to justify an act of revenge.     

Parent–child relationships and depressive symptom among Chinese college students: the mediating role of psychological needs satisfaction and the moderating role of mindfulness

Prior studies have revealed that positive parent–child relationships are negatively associated with college students’ depressive symptom. However, the underlying mechanisms of this relation whether specific mediators or moderators are at play are little known. Therefore, the current study examined the potential mediating role of psychological needs satisfaction and the moderating role of mindfulness in the link between parent–child relationships and depressive symptom among college students. A total of 900 college students from Shenzhen, China (53.40% male; M_age?=?19.82, SD?=?1.01, range from 17 to 27 years) completed questionnaires regarding parent–child relationships, psychological needs satisfaction, mindfulness, and depressive symptom. This study found that (1) parent–child relationships are negatively related to college students’ depressive symptom; (2) psychological needs satisfaction could be a potential mediator in the link between parent–child relationships and depressive symptom; and (3) mindfulness could moderate both the relation between parent–child relationships and depressive symptom as well as that between psychological needs satisfaction and depressive symptom, and those relations were weaker among college students with high levels of mindfulness than those with low levels of mindfulness. The current study highlights the mediating and moderating mechanisms that may underlie the correlation between parent–child relationships and depressive symptom, which may contribute to the development of more effective intervention and prevention programs for alleviating college students’ depressive symptom.

     

形状-宜人性的内隐联结及其对公平决策的影响

已有研究表明,形状感知与抽象概念之间具有隐喻联结并能够影响个体的判断与决策。当前研究在此基础上提出,不同形状与人格的宜人性存在关联且能够影响个体决策。实验1采用内隐联想范式的变式探讨不同形状与宜人性词汇之间的联系,结果未发现长方形和圆形与宜人性词汇存在内隐联结。实验2采用内隐联想测验探讨圆润面孔与棱角面孔与宜人性词汇之间的联系,结果发现圆润面孔与宜人词、棱角面孔与非宜人词之间存在内隐联结。实验3进一步考察形状与宜人性词汇的联结对公平决策的影响,结果发现圆润面孔更易知觉为宜人,个体更容易接受其作出的不公平分配,而棱角面孔更易知觉为非宜人,个体更容易拒绝其作出的不公平分配; 并且,宜人性感知在面孔形状与被试的接受率之间起中介作用。研究结果表明,圆润形状面孔与宜人词、棱角形状面孔与非宜人词存在隐喻联结,且这一联结能够进一步影响个体公平决策。     

Dynamic mechanisms of exercise to improve body satisfaction: Perceived or actual fat loss?

We examined the dynamic mechanisms of aerobic training (AT) and strength training (ST) to improve body satisfaction. Sixty-six participants were randomised to either the AT or ST condition and completed an 8-week intervention. Participants completed 3 weekly, 30-minute sessions of moderate intensity AT (65–75% VO₂max) or ST (65–75% 1-RM). The energy consumption of each session was approximately equivalent under both conditions. Body satisfaction, body composition, perceived fitness and exercise self-efficacy were measured at baseline and biweekly during the intervention. Exercise improved individuals' body satisfaction (p < .05). When the energy expenditures of AT and ST were equal, there was no difference in body satisfaction improvement. There were dynamic mechanisms underlying the effects of exercise on body satisfaction. Specifically, perceived fitness influenced body satisfaction improvements during the early stages of the exercise program, while changes in body composition influenced body satisfaction toward the end of the exercise program. There were sex differences in the mechanisms underlying body satisfaction. For women, perceived fat was more important in the early intervention period; for men, actual body fat was more valuable in the late intervention period. An effective strategy to improve body satisfaction is to initially target perceived fitness before focusing on changing body composition.     

Speaking to the trained ear: musical expertise enhances the recognition of emotions in speech prosody

Language and music are closely related in our minds. Does musical expertise enhance the recognition of emotions in speech prosody? Forty highly trained musicians were compared with 40 musically untrained adults (controls) in the recognition of emotional prosody. For purposes of generalization, the participants were from two age groups, young (18-30 years) and middle adulthood (40-60 years). They were presented with short sentences expressing six emotions-anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, surprise-and neutrality, by prosody alone. In each trial, they performed a forced-choice identification of the expressed emotion (reaction times, RTs, were collected) and an intensity judgment. General intelligence, cognitive control, and personality traits were also assessed. A robust effect of expertise was found: musicians were more accurate than controls, similarly across emotions and age groups. This effect cannot be attributed to socioeducational background, general cognitive or personality characteristics, because these did not differ between musicians and controls; perceived intensity and RTs were also similar in both groups. Furthermore, basic acoustic properties of the stimuli like fundamental frequency and duration were predictive of the participants' responses, and musicians and controls were similarly efficient in using them. Musical expertise was thus associated with cross-domain benefits to emotional prosody. These results indicate that emotional processing in music and in language engages shared resources.     

老子《道德经》中的理想人格思想

理想人格是解读《道德经》的一个重要维度。老子关注人的生命的本真存在和理想状态的实现,他从其抽象玄妙的形而上道论出发,引申出以"朴"为本质的人性论,并通过其朴素的辨证思维建立其彻底的道德观,进而提出尚柔、守中、持保三宝等修养途径,建立了一个使人实现其个别性与普遍性相统一、完成人格并达至理想的存在状态的体系。守中成德——修德复命——复命归朴——道无名,朴,这即是老子理想人格思想的基本进路。     

Dysfunctional body investment versus body dissatisfaction: Relations with well-being and controlled motivations for obesity treatment

In this study, we investigated the associations between body image and psychological well-being, exploring the mediating role of controlled regulation for entering obesity treatment. In addition, we analyzed whether investment body image was more strongly associated with controlled regulation (and subsequent well-being) compared to evaluative body image. These analyses were performed controlling for baseline BMI effects. Participants were 139 overweight women (age: 38.0 ± 6.7 year; BMI: 32.0 ± 4.1 kg/m²) entering treatment. Evaluative and investment body image, controlled regulation, and psychological well-being were assessed. Body image investment was positively associated with controlled regulation; evaluative body image was not. Controlled regulation was negatively associated with self-esteem and psychological functioning. Controlled regulation partially mediated the effects of body image investment on self-esteem, but did not mediate its effects on psychological functioning. Results suggest that dysfunctional body image investment might undermine well-being within overweight women, partly by increasing controlled regulation for entering obesity treatment. Discussion focuses on the importance of enhancing body image and autonomy during treatment to improve well-being and weight outcomes.     

抑郁绝望理论在我国儿童中适用性的追踪研究

摘 要 以抑郁的绝望理论和最弱联结假设为基础,采用纵向追踪研究设计,应用多层线性模型分析考察抑郁绝望理论在我国儿童中的适用情况。结果表明：1、应激事件水平能预测抑郁症状的程度,并且在较大年龄儿童中具有更强的预测性; 2、虽然研究结果的统计显著性不支持以最弱联结假设为认知依据的绝望理论,但在一定程度上还是反应了该理论的适用性;3、个体认知归因方式可能在儿童阶段开始形成并逐渐发展成熟。