高一学生应对灵活性及其影响因素的研究

本研究采用问卷调查和实验室任务相结合的方法,对59名高一学生进行一个月的跟踪调查,对结果进行聚类分析,旨在探寻高一学生在应对灵活性方面表现出的不同风格,同时从自我效能感、社会支持两方面探讨影响高一学生应对灵活性的主观和客观因素。研究结果表明:(1)聚类分析得到高一学生应对灵活性的四种类型:应对灵活型,积极不灵活型,消极不灵活型和积极不一致型;(2)应对灵活型和积极不灵活型被试的控制感显著高于消极不灵活型和积极不一致型;策略选择方面,积极不灵活型、积极不一致型倾向于使用问题焦点应对,应对灵活型、消极不灵活型倾向于使用情绪焦点应对;(3)自我效能感和社会支持在一定程度上可对应对灵活性类型产生预测作用,应对灵活型学生的自我效能感和对社会支持的利用度明显高于其他三类学生。研究结果有助于我们深入了解高中学生的适应问题。     

品牌熟悉对广告过程中品牌态度改变的影响

文章通过分析广告前后被试者品牌态度的变化,研究了在不同的广告态度和信息相关度条件下被试者品牌熟悉程度对品牌态度变化的影响。结果显示品牌熟悉程度对品牌态度变化的调节作用并非单向的,而是与广告态度和信息相关度交互产生作用的。当被试者不熟悉品牌且有正面的广告态度时或当被试者不熟悉品牌且信息相关度较低时广告才能产生说服效果,进而使被试者的品牌态度发生改变。     

气功对老年人性格的影响

用艾森克人格问卷和A型行为类型问卷对122名练气功二年以上60岁以上的老年人及90名60岁以上从未练过气功的正常老人进行了测查。发现气功组神经质得分显著低于对照组。A型行为类型者气功组虽稍低于对照组,但无显著差异。练气功5年以上者A型行为类型得分显著低于练气功2—4年的。上述结果表明气功可能对改善老年人性格中的神经质维度有作用;气功可能会改变A型行为类型,但练功时间至少需5年以上才可能发生改变。     

5—11岁藏汉儿童长度概念稳定性的研究

本研究设计了长度比较的实验,检查了5—11岁青海高原藏汉儿童长度概念的稳定性。研究结果表明:(1)5—11岁藏汉儿童长度概念稳定性是随年龄增长而发展的。藏汉儿童的成绩,10岁以前各年龄组均无显著差异,唯有11岁组差异显著,而其中了,9,10岁是几个值得注意的转折年龄。(2)儿童长度概念稳定性的发展大致有四个思惟水平,据此可以划分成几个年龄阶段,但各个阶段之间没有绝对的界限。儿童长度概念稳定性的发展,是各种认知成分相互交织、相互作用的结果。(3)概念“守恒”是一个复杂的变化过程。研究结果表明,直接认识与间接认识的矛盾关系是儿童认知结构形成和发展的重要因素。(4)不同文化背景和教育条件对藏汉儿童长度概念稳定性的发展有一定影响。     

恒河猴在繁殖笼内的等级结构

有关非人灵长类社群结构的问题,国外已多有研究。许多学者认为无论在野外,或是在捕后(笼养)条件下进行观察都发现只要有几只动物在一起,形成一个群,那末群内的个体之间必然形成等级关系,而这种等级关系是线性排列的。换句话说,如果一群有A、B、C、D、E五只动物的话,它们的等级关系就是这样排列的:A>B>C>D>E。     

猫中脑“怒叫中枢”的定位与传入连接

本实验观察了电刺激猫中脑“怒叫中枢”引起的心电、脑电、呼吸、血压及行为变化,确定了“怒叫中枢”的组织学部位,并用辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)逆行转运方法研究了“怒叫中枢”区域的传入连接。结果表明,猫中脑“怒叫中枢”位于中脑尾侧滑车神经核水平,外侧被盖的楔状下核内,其范围局限于约1×1×1.5mm。电刺激此区可引起怒叫反应,呼吸加快,血压升高,慢性实验动物还表现出攻击或逃避行为。辣根过氧化物酶逆行转运实验结果表明,此区主要接受同侧下丘脑外侧核、后核、背内侧核、中脑中央灰质外侧部及邻近被盖区的直接投射纤维,同时也接受部分来自前脑与情绪有关脑区的纤维投射。     

A functional analysis of obsessive-compulsive problems with related therapeutic procedures

This report describes the application of a functional analysis to obsessions and compulsions. The approach emphasizes a search for the independent variables which maintain obsessive-compulsive behavior in the individual client: then therapeutic procedures are designed to counteract the specific maintaining variables. The application, and outcome, of this approach to two children and one adult is described.     

汉语辅音知觉结构初探

语言作为人类特有的信号系统,随着科学技术的发展,它的交际工具的作用,日益提高和加强。首先,语言交际的范围已经大大扩大,“人机对话”已经在有限的领域里开始实现,这就超出了传统上语言只作为人与人之间的交际工具的范畴。其次,借助电话、电报     

Correlates of coping behaviours: Internal and external resources

This study examined some possible factors that were expected to influence choices of coping strategies. They were demographic variables (age, sex, marital status, education, and family income), personality traits (extroversion, neuroticism and locus of control), perceived life stress, and received social support. Five hundred and eighty one randomly selected community adults living in Kaohsiung city were interviewed and completed questionnaires measuring the above variables. Multivariate analyses had shown that: (a) higher income and education were related to more use of ‘Seeking social resources’ and ‘Planning & hoping’ coping; (b) higher extroversion was related to more use of ‘Seeking social resources’, ‘Planning & hoping’ and ‘Emotional suppression’ coping, whereas the last was also related to higher neuroticism; (c) people with higher internal locus of control favoured ‘Planning & hoping’, but not ‘Emotional suppression’ coping; (d) perceived life stress was not related to any use of coping behaviours; however, (e) more social support was related to more use of all kinds of coping behaviours. Implications of results were discussed in the context of stress and adaptation.     

Second-order reversed phi.

In a first-order reversed-phi motion stimulus (Anstis, 1970), the black-white contrast of successive frames is reversed, and the direction of apparent motion may, under some conditions, appear to be reversed. It is demonstrated here that, for many classes of stimuli, this reversal is a mathematical property of the stimuli themselves, and the real problem is in perceiving forward motion, which involves the second- or third-order motion systems or both. Three classes of novel second-order reversed-phi stimuli (contrast, spatial frequency, and flicker modulation) that are invisible to first-order motion analysis were constructed. In these stimuli, the salient stimulus features move in the forward (feature displacement) direction, but the second-order motion energy model predicts motion in the reversed direction. In peripheral vision, for all stimulus types and all temporal frequencies, all the observers saw only the reversed-phi direction of motion. In central vision, the observers also perceived reversed motion at temporal frequencies above about 4 Hz, but they perceived movement in the forward direction at lower temporal frequencies. Since all of these stimuli are invisible to first-order motion, these results indicate that the second-order reversed-phi stimuli activate two subsequent competing motion mechanisms, both of which involve an initial stage of texture grabbing (spatiotemporal filtering, followed by fullwave rectification). The second-order motion system then applies a Reichardt detector (or equivalently, motion energy analysis) directly to this signal and arrives at the reversed-phi direction. The third-order system marks the location of features that differ from the background (the figure) in a salience map and computes motion in the forward direction from the changes in the spatiotemporal location of these marks. The second-order system's report of reversed movement dominates in peripheral vision and in central vision at higher temporal frequencies, because it has better spatial and temporal resolution than the third-order system, which has a cutoff frequency of 3-4 Hz (Lu & Sperling, 1995b). In central vision, below 3-4 Hz, the third-order system's report of resolvable forward movement of something salient (the figure) dominates the second-order system's report of texture contrast movement.