STM capacity for Chinese and English language materials

This paper delineates the theoretical implications of a program of research on short-term memory using Chinese characters as stimuli, and compares the findings with studies of short-term memory that use English language materials. The 14 experiments on which it is principally based, carried out in the People’s Republic of China and in the U.S.A., are reported in detail in Yu et al. (1984), W. Zhanget al. (1984), and G. Zhang and Simon (this issue). One major theoretical product of this research is an experimentally tested model that reconciles the chunking theory of STM capacity with the articulatory loop theory of Baddeley, making good quantitative predictions of capacity compatible with both. Another result, obtained by using homophones as stimuli, is a demonstration that STM is mainly acoustically encoded, but that there are an additional two or three chunks of visually or semantically encoded short-term memory available. Chunks are shown to play the same role in immediate recall and rote learning in both the Chinese language and English language stimuli; and STM capacity, measured in chunks, is essentially the same for materials in both languages.     

Sinful flesh: Sexual objectification threatens women's moral self

The current investigation examined whether sexual objectification leads to perceived contamination in women victims, which, in turn, triggers sinful feelings. The results of three experiments provide converging support for these predictions. Female participants reported greater sinful feelings than their non-objectified counterparts, after receiving objectifying comments on their physical appearance from an alleged male partner (Experiment 1) or recalling a past experience of objectification (Experiments 2 and 3). Furthermore, perceived contamination mediated the effect of objectification on sinful feelings. We also found that perceived personal responsibility of being objectified moderated the above effects, such that the effects were only observed among participants who perceived themselves as highly responsible for objectification experience, but not among those who perceived low personal responsibility. These findings contribute to the literature by explaining why objectification elicits sinful feelings in female victims and who is more susceptible to this influence.     

社会关系模型（SRM）——个体差异研究的新策略

在文化、社会和人际互动情境下研究行为已经成为人格研究的趋势之一。社会关系模型（SocialRelationModel）源自人际知觉研究领域,它能够分析成对数据,在人际互动关系中分离出行为者效应、目标效应和关系效应。这种研究理念和研究策略不仅契合在社会关系背景下研究人格的理论取向,而且能为实现这一取向提供更为精当的分析方法和研究工具。文章通过介绍社会关系模型的含义、方法和应用,以期为研究人格差异的稳定性与变化性问题提供新的视野和思路     

信任的认知神经网络模型

信任是指一方在基于对另一方行为期望的基础上愿意冒一定的风险, 以期在将来得到积极结果的心理过程。近年, 认知神经取向的研究对信任行为引起的特定脑区激活进行了考察, 却忽略了大规模脑网络在信任过程中的整体作用。在总结前人研究的基础上提出信任的认知神经网络模型, 并从认知神经网络视角对信任行为进行解释和整合。在模型中, 信任行为是动力系统、情感系统和认知系统相互作用的结果, 并分别与奖励网络、显著网络、中央执行网络和默认网络等神经网络激活有关。此外, 模型还强调信任行为的反馈机制, 以此构成完整的建构模型。模型阐明了心理系统与中枢神经网络之间的对应关系, 从认知神经角度解释了信任行为发生的心理机制和神经基础。     

亲代孕前成瘾药物暴露对子代行为的影响及其表观遗传机制

孕前成瘾药物暴露不仅危害使用者的身体健康,而且会对子代的生理行为造成影响,近年来研究发现表观遗传机制在其中发挥重要作用。孕前成瘾药物暴露会对子代的成瘾易感性和焦虑样行为造成影响,引起子代的抑郁样行为和认知受损。这些现象可能是成瘾药物通过引起亲代生殖细胞内表观遗传修饰变化所致,其中包括印记基因、神经递质系统、BDNF三个方面的表观遗传修饰变化。此外,未来除了加强以上三个方面基因的研究,也需要增加其他方面基因的研究,以及寻找能预测子代异常行为的表观遗传生物标志物。     

Psychological Consequences of Earthquake Disaster Survivors

A survey has been undertaken to examine long-term psychological after-effects of a devastating earthquake (the Tangshan earthquake) in China in 1976. Subjects (equal number of males and females, aged between 20 and 70) consisted of 110 paraplegic and 100 non-deformed persons. The 16-PF Questionnaire, two attitude tests and individual interviews were used in the investigation. Results show that the earthquake had long-term effects on people's minds. The effects are extensive and long-lasting, and differed between different groups. This indicates that in the study of the impact of Global Change on humans, earthquake disasters should be brought into focus, not only as physical disasters but also with reference to the psychological shock caused by an earthquake.     

不作为惰性的影响机制:有中介的调节模型

本研究旨在考察前后机会比较对不作为惰性的影响,探索社会比较的调节作用以及预期作为后悔和价值评估的中介作用。本研究采用问卷法和实验法,以842名大学生为研究对象进行调查,采用Bootstrap方法对中介效应进行分析。结果显示:(1)社会比较在前后机会比较与不作为惰性之间的调节效应显著;(2)预期作为后悔和价值评估在前后机会比较与不作为惰性之间起中介作用。(3)社会比较的调节效应以预期作为后悔和价值评估为中介变量。     

小学生课堂问题行为与心理素质的关系:一项观察研究

为科学、客观的了解小学生课堂问题行为的现状并探讨与心理素质的关系,采用Martin等人提出的TPOT观察范式对重庆市潼南区某小学4-6年级117名学生的课堂问题行为进行录像、编码,并施测小学生心理素质问卷简化版。结果表明:(1)T-POT观察范式在本研究中具有适用性;(2)任务偏移是小学生最常见的课堂问题行为;(3)小学生课堂问题行为的表现存在显著的性别、年级差异;(4)在控制了年级、性别、班级环境变量后,心理素质能够显著负向预测课堂问题行为。     

论西方可废止性道义逻辑的形式化研究及其存在的问题

道义逻辑和非单调逻辑是在不同的学科内根据不同的原因产生和发展的,分属两种不同的逻辑。但受人工智能理论的启发,西方研究人工智能的专家和逻辑学家逐渐认识到道义理论和非单调推理之间有很大的关系,把两者结合起来研究,不但可以解决道义逻辑中的令人棘手的悖论问题,还可以为道义逻辑提供更为完美的理论框架。于是,在道义逻辑的研究中出现了一种新的方向:与非单调推理相结合,建立具有可废止性的(DEFEASIBLE)道义逻辑系统。目前,国内关于这方面的研究较为陌生,所以我们从语形和语义两个角度对西方可废止性道义逻辑的形式化研究给出系统…