震后一年半灾区小学生的创伤症状调查研究——以“八一帐篷学校”为例

本研究对总装备部·绵阳八一帐篷学校的小学生进行创伤症状调查研究,了解震后一年半小学生的心理健康状况。方法:使用儿童创伤症状量表简版(TSCC-A)对八一帐篷学校3～6年级小学生进行评估。结果:(1)八一帐篷学校的小学生震后一年半最为突出的创伤症状是焦虑,其次为抑郁和分离症状;(2)在创伤症状得分上不存在性别差异性,但是存在年级差异性,三年级学生创伤症状得分均低于其他年级学生;(3)震后一年半学生创伤症状比震后半年学生创伤症状有所减轻。结论:灾区小学生心理健康状况仍存在一些问题,焦虑、抑郁等症状仍比较明显,还应进行持续的心理危机干预。     

两种道德情境下中学生的自我与他人情绪判断

将246名中学生分为三个年龄组,运用情境故事考察其在犯过和亲社会道德情境下的自我与他人情绪判断。进行卡方检验发现,在犯过情境中,12岁组的自我和他人情绪判断均以消极情绪为主,14和16岁组的自我和他人情绪判断之间存在差异,表现为他们对犯过情境中损人者的情绪判断多为积极情绪,而对自己的情绪判断则多为消极情绪;在亲社会情境中,三个年龄组的自我和他人情绪判断之间不存在差异,多以积极情绪判断为主。     

Attentional spreading in object-based attention: The roles of target–object integration and target presentation time

What is the best account to explain the object-based attentional benefit—that is, the spread of attention within an attended object or prioritization of search across possible target locations within an attended object? Using a task in which the location of the target was known with certainty, in the present study we systematically manipulated the type (letters or bites) and the presentation time (long or short) of the target and flankers in order to test the effects of target–object integration and target presentation time on object-based attention. The results showed that an object-based effect could appear when the target was a bite, no matter whether the target presentation time was long or short; but when the target was a letter, an object-based effect was only observed when the target presentation time was short enough. These findings provide additional evidence supporting the argument of attentional spreading in object-based attention. However, this spreading is moderated jointly by target–object integration and the target presentation time.     

Promoting Charitable Behaviour with Compliance Techniques

Pour comparer l'impact de trois techniques d'acquiescement sur l'incitation au comportement charitable, on a demandéà 409 personnes de verser $2 à l'American Cancer Society. Cette requête fut immédiatement présentée dans trois groupes contrôle et précédée dans neuf groupes expérimentaux d'une demande préliminaire correspondant à une procédure d'acquiescement à requête multiple. On a d'abord demandé aux sujets soumis à la technique "pied dans la porte" de répondre à un questionnaire composé 10, 35 ou 60 items. On sollicitait d'abord $10, 25 ou 50 de la part de ceux confrontés à la situation "porte dans la figure"; et $0,50, 1 ou 1,50 de la part des sujets "ras des pâquerettes". Les résultats montrent que les méthodes $10 et 25 "porte dans la figure" furent les plus rentables. Les sujets contrôle et "ras des pâquerettes" donnèrent à peu près la même chose et les conditions "pied dans la porte" furent les moins productives. On discute, à partir de ces découvertes, de la valeur pratique et des inconvénients virtuels de l'application des techniques d'acquiescement à requête multiple pour stimuler le comportement charitable.     

Looking for long-term mnemonic effects on serial recall: the legacy of Simonides

We investigated three issues with respect to the long-term serial recall of adults. First, retention interval was manipulated to obtain uncontaminated measures of long-term serial recall. Second, we compared serial recall of concrete and abstract nouns to determine how these materials might interact with various learning strategies over time. Third, control group participants were asked to describe the learning strategies used, allowing a comparison of technical mnemonic techniques with the spontaneously generated strategies of adults. We found that the delayed recall performance of participants who spontaneously used organizational or imagery-based strategies was comparable to that of those instructed in the method of loci and pegword technique. Word concreteness did not interact with any other variable. These results are discussed with regard to their implications for serial learning in educational settings.     

Heading judgments in minimal environments: the value of a heuristic when invariants are rare

Observers made systematic heading judgments in two experiments simulating their translation through an environment with only two trees. When those trees converged or decelerated apart, observers tended to follow the invariant information and make heading judgments outside the near member of the pair. When those trees accelerated apart, however, observers tended to follow the heuristic information and make judgments outside the far member, although this result was tempered by the angular separation between the trees and their relative acceleration. The simultaneous existence and use of invariants and heuristics are discussed in terms of different metatheoretical approaches to perception.     

锌对细胞凋亡调控研究的一些思考

锌是机体必需的微量元素,它能够抑制细胞凋亡,也可以诱导细胞凋亡。阐述近年有关锌对细胞凋亡的研究结果,提出要全面,辩证地看待二者之间的关系。     

The conception of depression in Chinese American college students

The conception of depression in Chinese American college students was examined with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies--Depression Scale (CES-D). It was hypothesized that, because of their significant engagement with mainstream American culture, these students' conception of depression would better approximate White Americans' differentiated view (L. Radloff, 1977) than the general Chinese American community's integrated view (Y. Ying, 1988). A total of 353 bicultural Chinese American college students participated in the study. Consistent with the hypothesis, principal-components factor analysis with varimax rotation revealed a factor structure and loading similar to that found in White American adults. Confirmatory factor analysis also showed Chinese American college students to better approximate Radloff's differentiated model based on her White American samples than Ying's integrated model based on her Chinese American community sample. Implications of the findings and directions for future research are discussed.     

Using perfusion fMRI to measure continuous changes in neural activity with learning

In this study, we examine the suitability of a relatively new imaging technique, arterial spin labeled perfusion imaging, for the study of continuous, gradual changes in neural activity. Unlike BOLD imaging, the perfusion signal is stable over long time-scales, allowing for accurate assessment of continuous performance. In addition, perfusion fMRI provides an absolute measure of blood flow so signal changes can be interpreted without reference to a baseline. The task we used was the serial response time task, a sequence learning task. Our results show reliable correlations between performance improvements and decreases in blood flow in premotor cortex and the inferior parietal lobe, supporting the model that learning procedures that increase efficiency of processing will be reflected in lower metabolic needs in tissues that support such processes. More generally, our results show that perfusion fMRI may be applied to the study of mental operations that produce gradual changes in neural activity.     

Fruitful visual search: Inhibition of return in a virtual foraging task

Inhibition of return (IOR) has long been viewed as a foraging facilitator in visual search. We investigated the contribution of IOR in a task that approximates natural foraging more closely than typical visual search tasks. Participants in a fully immersive virtual reality environment manually searched an array of leaves for a hidden piece of fruit, using a wand to select and examine each leaf location. Search was slower than in typical IOR paradigms, taking seconds instead of a few hundred milliseconds. Participants also made a speeded response when they detected a flashing leaf that either was or was not in a previously searched location. Responses were slower when the flashing leaf was in a previously searched location than when it was in an unvisited location. These results generalize IOR to an approximation of a naturalistic visual search setting and support the hypothesis that IOR can facilitate foraging. The experiment also constitutes the first use of a fully immersive virtual reality display in the study of IOR.