Robust Measurement via A Fused Latent and Graphical Item Response Theory Model

Item response theory (IRT) plays an important role in psychological and educational measurement. Unlike the classical testing theory, IRT models aggregate the item level information, yielding more accurate measurements. Most IRT models assume local independence, an assumption not likely to be satisfied in practice, especially when the number of items is large. Results in the literature and simulation studies in this paper reveal that misspecifying the local independence assumption may result in inaccurate measurements and differential item functioning. To provide more robust measurements, we propose an integrated approach by adding a graphical component to a multidimensional IRT model that can offset the effect of unknown local dependence. The new model contains a confirmatory latent variable component, which measures the targeted latent traits, and a graphical component, which captures the local dependence. An efficient proximal algorithm is proposed for the parameter estimation and structure learning of the local dependence. This approach can substantially improve the measurement, given no prior information on the local dependence structure. The model can be applied to measure both a unidimensional latent trait and multidimensional latent traits.     

键盘时间精度的一个图示法研究

以4个实验,用图示法对键盘的时间精度作了比较分析。实验1表明PES心理实验系统反应键和键盘都有良好的时间精度。实验2表明键盘的时间精度具有很大的个体差异,范围从1-2毫秒到40多毫秒,其中PS2的键盘普遍不理想。实验3表明键盘的时间精度不受转接器和计算机主频的影响。实验4使用了3名操作者,证实了这种方法的效果基本不受操作者个体差异的影响。研究演示了图示法在计算机控制的心理学实验中确定仪器的时间精度的作用,提示了实验中需要针对具体的实验条件判断时间精度是否符合实验要求,来确定是否选用特殊的反应键或者选择何种键盘作为反应的方式。     

加德纳的多重智力理论及其启示

加德纳提出的多重智力理论认为人的智力至少有7种,常见的语言智力和逻辑／数理智力只是人类不同智力中的两种,还有5种其他智力,这些智力在人类和个体生存与发展中同等重要。本文介绍了多重智力理论的产生、主要内容和在美国的影响,提出了该理论对我国教育的几点启示。     

建立符合中医特色的科研体系

比较了中西医产生的社会背景,论述了中医理论的体系具有整体性、重功能、动态性的特点,因而中医科研不能完全套用还原论的方法,必须建立符合中医特色的科研体系,同时还提出中医科研体系具有多维化、信息化、系统化的特点。     

When Cognitive Diagnosis Meets Computerized Adaptive Testing: CD-CAT

Computerized adaptive testing (CAT) is a mode of testing which enables more efficient and accurate recovery of one or more latent traits. Traditionally, CAT is built upon Item Response Theory (IRT) models that assume unidimensionality. However, the problem of how to build CAT upon latent class models (LCM) has not been investigated until recently, when Tatsuoka (J. R. Stat. Soc., Ser. C, Appl. Stat. 51:337–350, 2002) and Tatsuoka and Ferguson (J. R. Stat., Ser. B 65:143–157, 2003) established a general theorem on the asymptotically optimal sequential selection of experiments to classify finite, partially ordered sets. Xu, Chang, and Douglas (Paper presented at the annual meeting of National Council on Measurement in Education, Montreal, Canada, 2003) then tested two heuristics in a simulation study based on Tatsuoka’s theoretical work in the context of computerized adaptive testing. One of the heuristics was developed based on Kullback–Leibler information, and the other based on Shannon entropy. In this paper, we showcase the application of the optimal sequential selection methodology in item selection of CAT that is built upon cognitive diagnostic models. Two new heuristics are proposed, and are compared against the randomized item selection method and the two heuristics investigated in Xu et al. (Paper presented at the annual meeting of National Council on Measurement in Education, Montreal, Canada, 2003). Finally, we show the connection between the Kullback–Leibler-information-based approaches and the Shannon-entropy-based approach, as well as the connection between algorithms built upon LCM and those built upon IRT models.     

困境中的社区"参与式民主"——基层政府信任与居民参与社区社会政策的困境之思

本研究通过对南京市若干城乡社区的调查与解析,发现由于基层政府信任与居民参与社区社会政策之间存在着矛盾和冲突的困境,使当前充分实现社区"参与式民主"似乎还比较理想化.因此,本研究尝试对形成基层政府信任与居民参与社区政策之间内在矛盾和冲突的深层原因进行反思,期望可以为社区"参与式民主"从虚幻的民主景象走向民主的真实图景提供一些可行性的数据支持和建议.     

运用比较治疗学的方法促进T2DM胰岛素治疗决策的最优化

2型糖尿病（T2DM）为内分泌科常见疾病,胰岛素是最主要的治疗药物之一,但胰岛素治疗方法诸多,各种方案的疗效参差不齐。为了促进2型糖尿病治疗决策的最优化,本文通过利用检索国内报道的相关文献,对文献中2型糖尿病的胰岛素治疗方法进行归纳总结,并且运用比较治疗学的研究方法进行比较分析,旨在寻求最有效的治疗方案。     

ICU患者外出检查风险分析与对策

为了探讨ICU危重患者外出检查风险的原因,从而降低ICU危重患者外出检查风险,本文通过对312例ICU患者外出检查风险因素进行讨论分析,研究降低风险的对策,即在规范ICU患者外出检查流程、做好检查前准备和注意途中安全及返回后的护理,结果提示285例患者无意外发生,安全返回病房,其余27例患者存在一定风险,但在相应处理措施下均安全返回病房.     

精神科医患之间有效沟通之几点思考

在精神科领域,精神病患者及家属对精神疾病的认识存在许多误区.诸如:对精神疾病诊断、治疗的认识误区,对精神疾病病因的认识误区;对人际关系与社会功能的认识误区;对仪器设备检查过度迷信的认识误区等.为了保证精神病患者的诊断、治疗、康复的顺利进行,必须消除对精神疾病的认识误区,必须重视与加强精神科医患之间全方位有效沟通.     

注意瞬脱：短暂失控、延迟选择还是资源耗竭？

传统理论认为有限的注意资源分配给前面的靶引起随后靶的认知受损导致注意瞬脱.但新近的理论强调插入在连续靶中的干扰物在AB中的作用.该研究通过比较位于快速序列视觉呈现的数字干扰物中分别由两个字母之间插入1个数字、字母或符号构成的3种3字符在两种不同报告方式下的成绩,对TLC理论和延迟选择理论进行了检验.证明单一理论不能全面解释AB实验现象,提示AB的发生是多种机制共同作用的结果.