Dimensionality of the Children’s Depression Inventory: Meta-analysis of Pattern Matrices

This meta-analysis of 24 studies, comprising 35 independent samples with 18,099 participants, examined the factor structure of the Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI). The 5-factor solution involving Somatic Concerns, Externalizing, Negative Self-Concept, Lack of Personal and Social Interest, and Dysphoric Mood was supported for all samples. The 5-factor solution was appropriate for child, adolescent, general, at-risk/clinical, and English-speaking samples, whereas the 4-factor solution was the best for samples using non-English versions of the CDI. As the factor structure varied among study subgroups, the strength of relations between scale items and their underlying depressive symptoms varied. Hence, comparisons of mean CDI scores can be misleading.     

Effects of acute restraint stress on set-shifting and reversal learning in male rats

Exposure to acute stress alters cognition; however, few studies have examined the effects of acute stress on executive functions such as behavioral flexibility. The goal of the present experiments was to determine the effects of acute periods of stress on two distinct forms of behavioral flexibility: set-shifting and reversal learning. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained and tested in an operant-chamber-based task. Some of the rats were exposed to acute restraint stress (30 min) immediately before either the set-shifting test day or the reversal learning test day. Acute stress had no effect on set-shifting, but it significantly facilitated reversal learning, as assessed by both trials to criterion and total errors. In a second experiment, the roles of glucocorticoid (GR) and mineralocorticoid receptors (MR) in the acute-stress-induced facilitation of reversal learning were examined. Systemic administration of the GR-selective antagonist RU38486 (10 mg/kg) or the MR-selective antagonist spironolactone (50 mg/kg) 30 min prior to acute stress failed to block the facilitation on reversal learning. The present results demonstrate a dissociable effect of acute stress on set-shifting and reversal learning and suggest that the facilitation of reversal learning by acute stress may be mediated by factors other than corticosterone.     

Exercise mode and executive function in older adults: An ERP study of task-switching

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between exercise mode and executive function and its effect on behavior and neuroelectric activity. Forty-eight older adults were classified into open-skill, closed-skill, and irregular exercise groups based on their experience of exercise participation. Executive function was measured via a task-switching paradigm, in which the behavioral indices and event-related potentials elicited by task-switching were assessed. The results revealed that the exercise groups, regardless of the exercise mode, exhibited faster reaction times in both global and local switches than the irregular exercise group, regardless of the within-task conditions. Similarly, larger P3 amplitudes were observed in both exercise groups compared to the irregular exercise group. Moreover, additional facilitation effects of open-skill exercises on global switch costs were observed, whereas no differences in local switch costs were found among the three groups. The results replicate previous studies that have reported generally improved executive function after participation in exercises; additionally, they extend the current knowledge by indicating that these cognitive improvements in specific aspects of executive function could also be obtained from open-skill exercises.     

Network structure influences speech production

Network science provides a new way to look at old questions in cognitive science by examining the structure of a complex system, and how that structure might influence processing. In the context of psycholinguistics, clustering coefficient-a common measure in network science-refers to the extent to which phonological neighbors of a target word are also neighbors of each other. The influence of the clustering coefficient on spoken word production was examined in a corpus of speech errors and a picture-naming task. Speech errors tended to occur in words with many interconnected neighbors (i.e., higher clustering coefficient). Also, pictures representing words with many interconnected neighbors (i.e., high clustering coefficient) were named more slowly than pictures representing words with few interconnected neighbors (i.e., low clustering coefficient). These findings suggest that the structure of the lexicon influences the process of lexical access during spoken word production.     

Attributions and Outcomes of Customer Misbehavior

Purpose  

The purpose of this study is to determine which attribution dimensions concerning dysfunctional other-customer misbehavior most influence customer dissatisfaction toward a service firm.     

医学生职业道德教育现状及医德心理培育的必要性

医学生作为医务工作的后备力量,他们的职业道德水平直接关系到我国目前医疗卫生行业的行风建设及医患关系的改善.然而,从目前我国医学院校职业道德教育现状看,其内容陈旧、形式枯燥乏味,达不到教育目的.道德心理决定道德行为,医学生的职业道德教育同样需要有职业道德心理作基础.因此,医学生职业道德教育要取得实效,必须注重其职业道德心理的培育.     

自我的四位说与佛教破我观念的症结

所谓的“自我的四位说”（atmasya caturpada vatda）一词,主要是指：每一个自我本身,是可以分为四种层次。而所谓的“自我”（atman）,顾名思义,就是指：在每一个人内心深处,都会有一个永恒不朽的灵魂。同时,这一个永恒不朽的灵魂,可分为：1．“形躯我”（sarire atman;身体我,肉体我,佛教称“色蕴”）;2．“梦中我”（svapne atman;情意我,经验我,佛教称“受、想、行、识”的四蕴）;3．“无梦我”（asvapne atman）;4．“最高我”（paramatman）。由于我们对于自我的探究,必须要层层突破,才到达最后这一个“最高我”的解脱境界。因此,一般研究佛教的学者,都会普遍地认为：佛教的无我论,其实就是在全盘否定《唱赞奥义书》中四个层次的所有自我。然而,倘若我们针对代表原始佛教的《杂阿含经》或者是《相应部》,去做仔细的学术分析或研究的话,就会慢慢地发现：原始佛教时期（B．c．550—B．C．300）所能破除的“自我”,其实顶多只有前面的两个层次而已。至于第三个层次的“无梦我”,则应该是产生于部派佛教时代（B．C．300—A．D．100）,当时,就曾经引起了佛教对于“轮回主体”和“涅篥主体”的讨论,从而更产生了犊子部的非即蕴非离蕴的“补特伽罗说”（pudgalavada）。因此,本论文的写作,就是透过比较哲学和思想史的研究方法,把原始佛教破我的范围去做一个初步的思想锁定,才不会使得原始佛教的“无我论”,草率地沦为一种凡我必破的独断论。     

一例医学院校男生考研失败引发一般心理问题的报告

案例描述了一位大四护理学专业的男生,因为考研失利后出现注意力不集中、睡眠障碍等问题前来咨询,诊断为一般心理问题。咨询师采用合理情绪疗法,经过5次心理咨询,取得预期效果。     

大学生决策的内隐偏向研究

分别运用外显的描述性范式和内隐联结测验两种方法对决策的比率偏好及其特性进行了考察,结果表明:(1)外显决策受到效价类型的影响,负效价情景下的比率偏好现象明显降低;(2)被试存在内隐比率偏好效应,这种偏好影响着被试对决策的认知和解释,具有一定的稳定性;(3)运用内隐联结测验来测量内隐比率偏好是有效、敏感的。(4)外显比率偏好与内隐比率偏好涉及决策的不同结构。     

先秦齐国休闲娱乐文体活动探微

该文利用文献资料研究方法,对从公元前十一世纪姜尚封齐,到公元前221年秦始皇统一中国,这八百余年间先秦齐国的休闲娱乐文体活动进行研究,发现休闲娱乐文体活动作为人的灵魂的驿站,其发生、发展与高度发达的政治、经济、文化息息相关。先秦齐国以工商业为基础而高度发达的经济结构,为休闲娱乐文体活动的繁荣提供了保证;具有三代之遗声的齐《韶》乐历经姜尚、管仲、晏婴等明君贤相的大力推广成为先秦齐国休闲娱乐活动的重要内容;有钱有闲为先秦齐国蹴鞠活动的普及提供了保证。齐人歌舞、鼓瑟、吹竽、弹琴、齐人隆技击、临淄重蹴鞠等,先秦齐国丰富的休闲娱乐文体活动为现代人体育健身观念的形成提供了参考。