关于安慰剂效应的研究

安慰剂效应是指由安慰剂所引起的可观察的行为.本文讨论了安慰剂效应的确切定义,安慰剂效应的强度差异,以及临床背景、患者的人格特质、安慰剂的特征和医患关系等因素对安慰剂效应的影响.目前研究者普遍认为安慰剂效应通过期待和条件作用产生.近期的一个研究热点是疼痛和帕金森氏症背景下期待引起的安慰剂效应的神经机制.     

三段论推理中信念偏差效应的研究

采用结论评估范式,通过考察不同类型三段论推理中信念偏差效应的表现形式,比较了选择性检查模型、必然性误解模型和心理模型理论对三段论推理中信念偏差效应的预测,对各种理论的解释力进行了验证.研究结果表明,心理模型理论能够包容较多的实验现象,并对信念影响推理的信息加工过程进行了较为具体的说明,因而较其它理论而言显示出一定的优越性.     

单纯呈现效应与积极情感的产生

该研究以汉语双字词为刺激材料 ,以大学生为被试,首先分别检验了标准的情感启动范式和单纯呈现范式的有效性.然后,用在标准的单纯重复呈现范式中产生了典型单纯呈现效应的中性刺激,替换标准情感启动范式中情感属性为积极的启动刺激,再次进行标准的情感启动测验,仍然观察到了情感启动效应,而同样是这些中性刺激,当没有被重复呈现时,在标准的情感启动测验中没有观察到情感启动效应.结果表明,刺激的重复呈现会导致偏好的产生,使其能够起到积极情感刺激的作用.研究认为,刺激的重复呈现,可能是积极情感产生的一个来源.     

大学生生命智慧与应付方式的关系探讨

本研究探讨大学生生命智慧的现状,揭示大学生生命智慧与应付方式之间的关系.采用自编<大学生生命智慧问卷>和<大学生应付方式问卷>对472名大学生进行调查,结果发现:大学生生命智慧的整体水平较高,并存在明显的年级差异和性别差异;生命智慧与应付方式之间存在高相关,在面对挫折时,富有生命智慧的大学生多采用调整心态、调节情绪、总结经验、转换视角等积极的应付方式;生命非认知智慧是应付方式最重要的预测变量.     

高中骨干教师生活质量与心理健康状况调查

本研究以高中骨干教师为对象,采用问卷法对其生活质量及心理健康状况进行测查,以了解高中骨干教师生活质量及心理健康状况,探讨生活质量与心理健康的关系.结果显示,高中骨干教师心理健康状况不佳,在性别、婚姻状况、来自于城市还是农村等方面,生活质量及心理健康状况的一些因子存在着明显的差异,生活质量与心理健康状况在总体上高度相关.建议决策部门改进高中教师的生存状况,增进其身心健康,推动教育改革的发展进程.     

同步内隐／外显序列学习：事件相关的fMRI的初步研究

本文利用事件相关fMRI研究探讨对于内隐和外显学习在脑区激活上的差异.实验采用同步内隐/外显学习序列,以有色的形状作为刺激材料.要求被试对于刺激的颜色做选择反应,并在颜色消失后找出形状的内在规则.颜色和图形序列分别采用两个独立的马尔可夫链,即下一个图形的颜色或者形状有70%的可能服从序列规则.行为数据显示被试习得了外显和内隐的规则,fMRI成像主要比较内隐和外显学习在学习过程和知识运用上脑区激活的差异.结果发现,与内隐学习柑比,外显学习在额叶的激活更为显著.而且,内隐学习和外显学习在视觉皮层的激活出现分离,内隐学习中枕叶的激活减弱,而外显学习中枕叶的激活增加.     

高中生攻击性结构对应对方式的影响

采取内隐联结测验(IAT),测得100名高中生的内隐攻击性,同时结合问卷对其外显攻击性和应对方式进行调查.结果显示:(1)内隐和外显攻击性对消极应对方式均有显著预测效应,但两者与积极应对方式无显著关系;(2)内隐攻击和外显攻击的交互项对应对方式的影响不显著.     

关于社会主义科技荣辱观的若干思考

随着科学技术的发展及其日益社会化,人们的思维方式、价值观念发生了变化,一些有违科技荣辱观的问题日益凸显。它们不仅败坏学术风气,损害我国科技界声誉,而且阻碍我国科学技术的进步,影响我国科教兴国战略的实施。因此,在当前建设社会主义核心价值体系、弘扬社会主义荣辱观的形势下和过程中,加强社会主义科技荣辱观的研究和建设,既十分紧迫,又非常重要。     

Neural and genetic foundations of face recognition and prosopagnosia

Faces are of essential importance for human social life. They provide valuable information about the identity, expression, gaze, health, and age of a person. Recent face‐processing models assume highly interconnected neural structures between different temporal, occipital, and frontal brain areas with several feedback loops. A selective deficit in the visual learning and recognition of faces is known as prosopagnosia, which can be found both in acquired and congenital form. Recently, a hereditary sub‐type of congenital prosopagnosia with a very high prevalence rate of 2.5% has been identified. Recent research results show that hereditary prosopagnosia is a clearly circumscribed face‐processing deficit with a characteristic set of clinical symptoms. Comparing face processing of people of prosopagnosia with that of controls can help to develop a more conclusive and integrated model of face processing. Here, we provide a summary of the current state of face processing research. We also describe the different types of prosopagnosia and present the set of typical symptoms found in the hereditary type. Finally, we will discuss the implications for future face recognition research.     

Action Research: A Missing Component in the Emergence of Social and Cross‐Cultural Psychology as a Fully Inter‐Connected Global Enterprise

Action research, as envisaged by Lewin, uses research to solve a social problem and provide theoretical knowledge. It involves a cyclical–spiral of planning, action, and evaluation with feedback between parties, taking into account power and value differences and empowering change agents. This has been all but abandoned by social psychologists today. Contemporary ‘participatory’ action research has migrated to fields like education and development and community studies that emphasize a social constructionist epistemology with a qualitative approach of recording bottom‐up processes of social change and community self‐awareness. The globalization of psychology affords new opportunities for a return to more top‐down Lewinian traditions, where academics in the developing world – embedded within a cultural milieu of interconnectedness and relatively exempt from pressures to publish or perish – can work together with academics in wealthy countries to produce a process oriented psychology that is capable of making a difference under conditions of climate change and the end of cheap oil. Asian social psychology, where strongly indigenous psychologies have taken root in growing economies, may take a leading role in this movement.