时空距离、特征类型对态度的影响

建构水平理论（Construal level theory）认为时间能够独立地改变评价对象的建构水平,从而对对象的不同特征赋予不同的权重。个体倾向于用抽象的整体的特征表征时距远的事物,而用具体的局部的特征表征时距近的事物。空间距离不同的评价对象是否也遵循同样的规律？在考察时空距离与个人相关性的基础上,通过2（时间距离：明天和十年后）×2（空间距离：近地点和远地点）×2（特征类型：样例特征和类型特征）三因素被试间实验设计,探讨时间距离、空间距离、特征类型对态度的影响。结果发现,空间距离影响人们对事物的态度。在远空间距离水平上,时间距离对态度的影响显著,而在近空间距离水平上时间距离对态度的影响不显著;在远空间条件下,时距远的对象优先注意类型化的特征,时距近的对象优先注意样例化特征。最后,在建构水平理论框架内讨论了实验结果。     

The Association Between Physical Functioning and Self-rated General Health in Later Life: The Implications of Social Comparison

Self-rated general health has been used widely in health surveys as a single-item measurement of health-rated quality of life. Heterogeneity in self-evaluation of health has been well documented, yet the causes of this heterogeneity are poorly understood. This study evaluated the moderating effects of age, aging, gender, race, education and income on the relationship between physical functioning and self-rated general health using social comparison theory as a guiding framework. A longitudinal mixed-effects regression model was used to analyze a cohort enrolled into the Health and Retirement Study in 1993 that was interviewed at baseline and during four subsequent waves. The results revealed that the association between physical functioning and self-rated general health is weaker among subgroups that tend to have lower health status; i.e., older individuals, non-Caucasians and less educated individuals. These findings suggest the usefulness of social comparison theory in explaining self-rated general health and provide the basis for future research.     

An imputed dissociation might be an artifact: Further evidence for the generalizability of the observations of Durgin et al. 2010

We recently showed that palm board measures are systematically inaccurate for full-cue surfaces within reach of one's hand, whereas free-hand gestures and reaching actions are quite accurate for such surfaces (Durgin, Hajnal, Li, Tonge, & Stigliani, 2010). Proffitt and Zadra (2010) claim that our demonstration that palm boards are highly inaccurate is irrelevant to interpreting past and present findings concerning dissociations between verbal reports and palm board estimates. In their paper they offer a theoretical representation of the findings of Bhalla and Proffitt (1999) and argue that our analysis is incompatible with their account. We offer here an alternative account of the findings of Bhalla and Proffitt, based on their actual data (which are fully compatible with our original analysis). We further show how our account generalizes to more recent studies that continue (1) to mistakenly describe null statistical effects on (insensitive) palm boards as evidence of a “dissociation” from (more sensitive) verbal measures that show a similar relative magnitude of change and (2) to introduce uncontrolled demand characteristics.     

Perceptual scale expansion: an efficient angular coding strategy for locomotor space

Whereas most sensory information is coded on a logarithmic scale, linear expansion of a limited range may provide a more efficient coding for the angular variables important to precise motor control. In four experiments, we show that the perceived declination of gaze, like the perceived orientation of surfaces, is coded on a distorted scale. The distortion seems to arise from a nearly linear expansion of the angular range close to horizontal/straight ahead and is evident in explicit verbal and nonverbal measures (Experiments 1 and 2), as well as in implicit measures of perceived gaze direction (Experiment 4). The theory is advanced that this scale expansion (by a factor of about 1.5) may serve a functional goal of coding efficiency for angular perceptual variables. The scale expansion of perceived gaze declination is accompanied by a corresponding expansion of perceived optical slants in the same range (Experiments 3 and 4). These dual distortions can account for the explicit misperception of distance typically obtained by direct report and exocentric matching, while allowing for accurate spatial action to be understood as the result of calibration.     

How to Cook Rice: A Review of Ingredients for Teaching anti‐Prejudice

There is a pressing need to address prejudice, racism, and discrimination against marginalised groups in Australia. This involves change from the structural to the individual level. In this article, we discuss the merits of individual anti‐prejudice mechanisms within the Australian context. First, we expand on nine mechanisms described in a previous paper and then review five new mechanisms. We conclude that while some mechanisms are likely to be useful regardless of location, others need to be tailored to the local context. We also conclude that effective interventions need to utilise multiple mechanisms. It is hoped that the synthesis of the different mechanisms provided here will assist anti‐prejudice researchers, practitioners, and policymakers striving to improve relations among different groups in our society.     

以杀止杀,岂乐之哉!——试析葛洪的刑治思想

本文尝试通过梳理《抱朴子外篇.用刑》所展现的"刑治"思想,来对葛洪的思想体系概貌作一全面的把握。葛洪将刑罚视为"国之神器",对刑罚的必然性与必要性作了充分论证。葛洪的刑治思想是秦汉黄老道家涵容法家思想的延续与发展,也是其自身思想体系不可分割的组成部分,对于理解和把握道教的社会政治思想有着重要的价值和意义。     

孤独症碎镜理论述评

孤独症是泛指一大类在社会交往、沟通方面存在功能缺陷的疾病, 至今病因尚未阐明。“碎镜理论”作为孤独症研究领域的新兴理论, 在神经—认知层面较先前理论更为全面地解释了孤独症的各种临床行为表现, 并为这些异常行为间的相互关系提供了一种统一性的研究视角。文章首先对镜像神经元的发现进行了简介, 在此基础上对碎镜理论的由来及其与孤独症相关功能(包括动作识别与模仿、心理理论、共情以及语言理解)缺陷的关系进行了综述, 最后通过区分主动模仿和自动模仿, 就镜像神经元系统及其调控系统与孤独症关系中存在的问题进行了反思与展望。     

神经肌肉下意识前馈与反馈控制的知觉线索效应

为研究视觉和时间知觉线索对突发外部姿势干扰下中枢神经系统对动作肌肉和姿势肌肉预期姿势调节(APAs)和补偿姿势调节(CPAs)的影响, 本研究被试分别在视觉和时间线索引导下完成经典落球试验, 同步采集右侧动作肌肉肱二头肌和姿势肌肉腰部竖脊肌和腰部多裂肌的sEMG信号, 计算被检肌肉APAs发生率、预激活时间和CPAs反应强度。结果发现, 视觉线索可以引发动作肌肉和姿势肌肉APAs发生率明显增加, 预激活时间明显提前, 以及动作肌肉CPAs反应强度明显减小; 而时间线索主要引发动作肌肉预激活提前, 对姿势肌肉APAs和CPAs无明显影响。该结果表明, 视觉和时间引导线索对突发外部姿势干扰条件下人体姿势肌肉和动作肌肉的中枢运动控制具有不同的作用。视觉引导线索能够明显增加姿势肌肉和动作肌肉预激活发生率和提早预激活时间, 表现出明显的“视觉线索预激活优势现象”; 而时间引导线索主要引发动作肌肉预激活提前, 对姿势肌肉APAs和CPAs无明显影响。     

情绪对内隐态度和外显态度联结的调节作用

不同的情绪在内隐态度与外显态度表现过程中塑造着不同的心理环境, 调节内隐态度和外显态度的一致性。正性情绪增加了内隐态度与外显态度的联结, 然而负性情绪对内隐态度与外显态度联结的调节作用表现并不一致。单一考虑情绪的正负效价不足以解释具体情绪影响的差异性, 情绪的确定性、情绪与直觉信任的交互作用均会对内隐态度与外显态度的联结产生影响。理论方面, 联结性-推理性评价模型及情绪-信息模型对情绪调节内隐态度与外显态度联结的内在机制进行了解释。未来研究可进一步探索特定情绪对内隐态度与外显态度联结的调节作用, 并考察情绪是否会对内隐刻板印象与外显刻板印象的联结产生调节作用, 以及采用认知神经科学技术揭示情绪调节内隐态度与外显态度联结的神经机制。     

脂多糖激活所致大鼠抑郁样行为及对海马神经细胞钾电流变化的影响

采用细胞因子刺激剂脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide, LPS)为免疫激活手段, 研究LPS诱导的免疫激活产生的抑郁样行为及对海马神经细胞电压依赖钾电流变化的影响。应用膜片钳技术对海马神经细胞钾电流进行全细胞记录, 比较抑郁样行为大鼠与正常大鼠钾离子通道电流密度和激活特性的变化。结果发现, 与生理盐水对照组相比, 一次LPS注射后2 hr, 实验组动物产生抑郁样行为, 同时急性观察的海马神经细胞的钾离子通道的电流密度呈现显著升高(p<0.01); 而一次LPS注射后24 hr, 动物的抑郁样行为消失, 且急性观察的海马神经细胞的钾离子通道与对照组相比较, 其电流密度和激活曲线没有显著性变化。结论：LPS诱导的抑郁样行为, 与LPS诱导的海马神经细胞电压依赖钾电流的上调在时程上同步, 提示钾离子通道可能参与免疫激活所致的抑郁样行为。