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71.
A key question in cognition is whether animals that are proficient in a specific cognitive domain (domain specific hypothesis), such as spatial learning, are also proficient in other domains (domain general hypothesis) or whether there is a trade-off. Studies testing among these hypotheses are biased towards mammals and birds. To understand constraints on the evolution of cognition more generally, we need broader taxonomic and phylogenetic coverage. We used Australian eastern water skinks (Eulamprus quoyii) with known spatial learning ability in three additional tasks: an instrumental and two discrimination tasks. Under domain specific learning we predicted that lizards that were good at spatial learning would perform less well in the discrimination tasks. Conversely, we predicted that lizards that did not meet our criterion for spatial learning would likewise perform better in discrimination tasks. Lizards with domain general learning should perform approximately equally well (or poorly) in these tasks. Lizards classified as spatial learners performed no differently to non-spatial learners in both the instrumental and discrimination learning tasks. Nevertheless, lizards were proficient in all tasks. Our results reveal two patterns: domain general learning in spatial learners and domain specific learning in non-spatial learners. We suggest that delineating learning into domain general and domain specific may be overly simplistic and we need to instead focus on individual variation in learning ability, which ultimately, is likely to play a key role in fitness. These results, in combination with previously published work on this species, suggests that this species has behavioral flexibility because they are competent across multiple cognitive domains and are capable of reversal learning. 相似文献
72.
The purpose of this study was to clarify the impact of different self-centered moods on music preference without listening to music. Participants’ affective state (sad vs. happy vs. neutral) were experimentally manipulated through the mood induction procedure, and then their preferences for music were ascertained through self-reports. To understand participants’ internal motivations for their choices, we also asked them to indicate how appropriate he/she felt it would be to select the different music types as well as why they made such choices. Results suggested that participants in a sad mood were inclined to listen to sad (and slow) music, those in a happy mood preferred to listen to happy (and fast) music, and those in a neutral mood did not consistently prefer to listen to neutral music. In addition, participants were averse to sad music when they were in a happy or neutral mood; while they showed no aversion to happy music when they were in a sad mood. In conclusion, individuals select valence-consistent music when they are in an autobiographical memory-induced mood state. 相似文献
73.
"乡村工业社区"是机器大工业在英国乡村地区发展的载体,也是乡村工业化发展和农村城市化的初级形态。工业家是此类社区的创建者和主宰,以家长式的作风管理社区的社会生活,并通过掌控公共权力和举行各种庆典活动来强化自己的权威。这些处于工业家控制下的新兴工业社区成为连接传统农业社会和现代工业社会之间的桥梁。 相似文献
74.
政府审计维护国家经济安全理论和实践的探索已多年,但对其体制和机制的研究尚未有突破进展.本文对中国政府审计体制展开剖析,认为现行体制在维护国家经济安全方面颇具优势,更能彰显政府审计批判性、建设性、宏观性、服务性和开放性的特征,故应发展而不是舍弃现行体制.在此体制轮廓下,本文论述了政府审计维护国家经济安全的机制设计与构建,阐述了明确行为依据、认知活动领域、优化作用方式、厘清运行路线、强化素质与管理保障五方面的构建内容与实施路径. 相似文献
75.
末期癌症患者的临终关怀 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
临终关怀与末期癌症关系密切,末期癌症患者是临终关怀的主要对象,这也是姑息医学的主要内容。作为发展中的学科,本文对临终关怀的发展、目的、内容及其在末期癌症患者中的实施作一综述。 相似文献
76.
This study explores whether and how gratifications and psychological traits impact people's Facebook use. First, a factor analysis of an online survey (N= 437) outlined a unique set of gratifications obtained from the use of Facebook. Six aspects of gratifications (i.e., social surveillance, entertainment, recognition, emotional support, network extension, and maintenance) were identified. Results from regression analyses showed that psychological traits (i.e., collective self-esteem, online emotional openness, and traitlike communication apprehension) were strong predictors of most Facebook gratifications. Additionally, gratifications and, to a lesser extent, psychological traits significantly predicted Facebook usage, both in perceived importance and different indicators in the level of Facebook use. 相似文献
77.
78.
Research suggests that social support moderates or “buffers” the impact of stress on the individual and thus indirectly affects
emotional well-being (Cohen and Wills, 1985). The present study sought to extend the “buffering hypothesis” to competitive
sport by examining the influence of perceived coach support on competitive state anxiety among young athletes (N = 270). Results from confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) substantiated the validity of the sport-modified Social Provisions
Scale (Russell and Cutrona, 1984; Ryska and Yin, 1994). Structural equation modeling analyses revealed a significant support-anxiety
effect in the high trait-anxious model only (r =-.27, p .05). The present results suggest that perceived coach support represents an important mediating factor in the sport stress
process among highly anxious athletes. 相似文献
79.
Initial evidence suggests that the employment of self-handicapping strategies has a beneficial effect on negative affective
states associated with the perceived threat of evaluative contexts (Harris & Snyder, 1986; Leary, 1986). The present study
sought to describe the type of self-handicapping behaviors demonstrated by youth athletes (N=238) as well as to assess the
stress-buffering role of athlete self-handicapping on indices of competitive state anxiety. Specifically, it was hypothesized
that among high trait-handicapping athletes, those who report a greater degree of performance-debilitating obstacles prior
to competition would demonstrate lowered cognitive and somatic state anxiety as well as greater state self-confidence than
nonhandicapping athletes. However, MANOVA results indicated that both high trait and situational self-handicappers demonstrate
elevated state anxiety immediately prior to competition. Results are discussed in relation to the possible role of state anxiety
as a salient self-handicapping strategy within competitive sport. 相似文献
80.