脑内乙酰胆碱与认知活动的关系

脑内细胞外乙酰胆碱（ACh）的变化主要反映胆碱能神经元的活动,皮层和海马等脑区的ACh主要来源于基底前脑胆碱能神经元的纤维投射。应用微透析等技术在体检测清醒、自由活动动物认知过程中脑内乙酰胆碱的含量,可以研究ACh与特定行为反应和认知活动之间的关系。研究发现当机体需要对新刺激进行分析时,在学习与记忆、空间工作记忆、注意、自发运动和探究行为等认知活动中,基底前脑胆碱能神经元被激活,脑内ACh的释放也随之改变。结果提示脑内胆碱能递质系统活动与认知过程密切相关     

汉字认知过程中大脑两半球机能不对称性的实验研究

以往我们的实验表明,大脑两半球在认知单个汉字时,没有表现出任何认知优势,但这并没有使我们得出最后的结论。 该项实验中,我们选出八个汉字并把它们放在四种噪音背景上,它们的信噪比分别为∞,6.66,4,和2.85。被试为20名大学生,男10名,女10名,年龄在19至20岁。刺激呈现时间为60ms。 实验结果如下: (1)无噪音干扰情况下,左、右视野在认知上无差别。信噪比为6.6时,差异不明显。 (2) 只是信噪比为4时,认知难度达到相当水平以后,右视野的优势才变得明显起来。 (3)无论在哪种难度水平上,左视野的反应时都比右视野快,但反应的准确度,右视野却占有优势。     

Effects of trait and situational self-handicapping on competitive anxiety among athletes

Initial evidence suggests that the employment of self-handicapping strategies has a beneficial effect on negative affective states associated with the perceived threat of evaluative contexts (Harris & Snyder, 1986; Leary, 1986). The present study sought to describe the type of self-handicapping behaviors demonstrated by youth athletes (N=238) as well as to assess the stress-buffering role of athlete self-handicapping on indices of competitive state anxiety. Specifically, it was hypothesized that among high trait-handicapping athletes, those who report a greater degree of performance-debilitating obstacles prior to competition would demonstrate lowered cognitive and somatic state anxiety as well as greater state self-confidence than nonhandicapping athletes. However, MANOVA results indicated that both high trait and situational self-handicappers demonstrate elevated state anxiety immediately prior to competition. Results are discussed in relation to the possible role of state anxiety as a salient self-handicapping strategy within competitive sport.     

初中生在方程学习中学习能力感,学习策略与学业成就关系的研究

探讨了初中生在代数方程学习中,代数能力感与方程能力感两类学习能力感、计划性策略、努力策略与认知策略三类一般学习策略、适宜性策略和多样性策略两类方程具体策略与学业成就之间的关系。研究结果表明,方程成绩优秀生和不良生在学习能力感和学习策略上存在着显著的差异,两类具体策略和两类能力感对方程成绩具有显著的影响。     

Testing the buffering hypothesis: Perceptions of coach support and pre-competitive anxiety among male and female high school athletes

Research suggests that social support moderates or “buffers” the impact of stress on the individual and thus indirectly affects emotional well-being (Cohen and Wills, 1985). The present study sought to extend the “buffering hypothesis” to competitive sport by examining the influence of perceived coach support on competitive state anxiety among young athletes (N = 270). Results from confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) substantiated the validity of the sport-modified Social Provisions Scale (Russell and Cutrona, 1984; Ryska and Yin, 1994). Structural equation modeling analyses revealed a significant support-anxiety effect in the high trait-anxious model only (r =-.27, p .05). The present results suggest that perceived coach support represents an important mediating factor in the sport stress process among highly anxious athletes.     

Perceived competence, social anxiety about physique, and enjoyment in testing situations among groups of mixed sex and girls only.

The purpose of the present study was to assess whether there are differences in agility and coordination performance, anxiety about physique, perceived competence, and enjoyment between girls (n = 56) performing within mixed-sex versus all-female high school classes in physical education. A series of between-group comparisons yielded no significant differences between groups on measures of performance, perceived competence, and anxiety about physique; however, the mixed-sex group reported significantly greater enjoyment on both psychomotor tests than the all-female group (ps < or = .05). Results are discussed within other contexts such as sport motivation and Weiss and Chaumeton's (1992) theory of youth sport development.     

脑损害时的视知觉和视觉记忆障碍

用复杂图形对82例脑瘤或脑血管畸形患者进行了测查,发现脑损害患者临摹复杂图形时易于发生一些在正常人中没有或极少见的错误,如片断性感知、空间相对位置错误和空间位置估计错误等。片断性感知以左脑中后部病变时较多见,空间相对位置错误以右脑中后部病变时较多见。空间位置估计错误与定侧关系不大,但以大脑中后部病变时较多见。 在回忆复杂图形时脑损害患者在细节遗漏和移位等方面在程度上比正常人更严重,有部分患者还表现为只回忆出部分细节而无图形轮廓的现象。这种现象在正常人中未曾出现。     

冷酷无情特质：一种易于暴力犯罪的人格倾向

冷酷无情特质(callous unemotional trait, CU)是指对他人冷漠、缺乏罪责感、低共情的一种人格倾向, 伴随有高频率和高破坏性的反社会行为甚至暴力犯罪。CU特质者在情感上表现为对负性情绪加工不敏感, 缺乏共情; 在认知上表现出追求奖赏、忽视惩罚; 在生物学方面, CU特质者生理唤醒水平低、皮质醇水平低、杏仁核和腹内侧前额叶活动异常。未来研究的方向是修订发展本土化CU特质量表、探析CU特质者的性别差异、梳理CU与品行障碍等其他精神障碍的关系、为暴力犯循证矫正的方案设计提供科学依据。     

构建学校-家庭-社会一体化心理健康教育模式*

影响中小学生心理健康的因素包括学校、家庭和社会多个方面,但是本研究通过调查发现目前我国的中小学生心理健康教育呈现出单一化的倾向,心理健康教育的主要实施者是学校,家庭和社会在学生心理健康教育中的地位和作用没有得到充分的体现,这种状况势必会影响中小学心理健康教育的成效。本文系统阐释了建立学校-家庭-社会一体化心理健康教育模式的必要性、途径和方法,并根据实际提出了相应的对策建议。     

音乐诱发情绪测量及其影响因素*

使用音乐诱发情绪是有效且特殊的诱发方式。本文对音乐诱发情绪的自我报告测量、心理生理测量和功能神经成像测量进行了系统的梳理,并阐述了一种基于音乐特定模型的情绪测量方法。文章从音乐刺激的选择、听者特征以及情境特征三方面对影响音乐情绪测量的因素进行了总结。并为保证测量的准确性进一步提出确定理论模型一致性、结合多元方法、利用有效刺激材料、认真考评情境和参与者特征等解决思路,并阐明了此领域的研究趋势。