心算困难儿童的语音复述

心算中语音复述和计算加工交替进行,其中任何一方面落后都会导致心算困难。使用视觉心算成绩和听觉心算成绩相减的范式,研究计算能力正常但心算水平落后的儿童的语音复述水平。结果发现,不同年级心算困难儿童呈现不同的困难模式,2、4年级心算困难儿童语音复述水平正常,但由于语音工作记忆容量的落后,导致缺少足够的注意资源进行计算加工。3年级心算困难儿童在语音工作记忆容量和语音复述上都存在落后,导致心算困难,呈现出双重困难模式。     

汉字认知过程中大脑两半球机能不对称性的实验研究

以往我们的实验表明,大脑两半球在认知单个汉字时,没有表现出任何认知优势,但这并没有使我们得出最后的结论。 该项实验中,我们选出八个汉字并把它们放在四种噪音背景上,它们的信噪比分别为∞,6.66,4,和2.85。被试为20名大学生,男10名,女10名,年龄在19至20岁。刺激呈现时间为60ms。 实验结果如下: (1)无噪音干扰情况下,左、右视野在认知上无差别。信噪比为6.6时,差异不明显。 (2) 只是信噪比为4时,认知难度达到相当水平以后,右视野的优势才变得明显起来。 (3)无论在哪种难度水平上,左视野的反应时都比右视野快,但反应的准确度,右视野却占有优势。     

脑损害时的视知觉和视觉记忆障碍

用复杂图形对82例脑瘤或脑血管畸形患者进行了测查,发现脑损害患者临摹复杂图形时易于发生一些在正常人中没有或极少见的错误,如片断性感知、空间相对位置错误和空间位置估计错误等。片断性感知以左脑中后部病变时较多见,空间相对位置错误以右脑中后部病变时较多见。空间位置估计错误与定侧关系不大,但以大脑中后部病变时较多见。 在回忆复杂图形时脑损害患者在细节遗漏和移位等方面在程度上比正常人更严重,有部分患者还表现为只回忆出部分细节而无图形轮廓的现象。这种现象在正常人中未曾出现。     

Effects of trait and situational self-handicapping on competitive anxiety among athletes

Initial evidence suggests that the employment of self-handicapping strategies has a beneficial effect on negative affective states associated with the perceived threat of evaluative contexts (Harris & Snyder, 1986; Leary, 1986). The present study sought to describe the type of self-handicapping behaviors demonstrated by youth athletes (N=238) as well as to assess the stress-buffering role of athlete self-handicapping on indices of competitive state anxiety. Specifically, it was hypothesized that among high trait-handicapping athletes, those who report a greater degree of performance-debilitating obstacles prior to competition would demonstrate lowered cognitive and somatic state anxiety as well as greater state self-confidence than nonhandicapping athletes. However, MANOVA results indicated that both high trait and situational self-handicappers demonstrate elevated state anxiety immediately prior to competition. Results are discussed in relation to the possible role of state anxiety as a salient self-handicapping strategy within competitive sport.     

医学经验主义的贫困

医学中的经验主义曾给人类带来了巨大损失,也妨碍了医学的发展,经验主义的医学知识是不可靠的,这是因为医学经验主义在认识论,方法论,真理观三个方面存在着自身难以克服的错误,因此在医学工作中,只有自觉掌握并运用唯物辩证法,引入实践的观点,把实践作为检验真理的唯一标准,以科学与理性取代经验主义,不能通过对理论的扬弃来推动医学的进步。     

Testing the buffering hypothesis: Perceptions of coach support and pre-competitive anxiety among male and female high school athletes

Research suggests that social support moderates or “buffers” the impact of stress on the individual and thus indirectly affects emotional well-being (Cohen and Wills, 1985). The present study sought to extend the “buffering hypothesis” to competitive sport by examining the influence of perceived coach support on competitive state anxiety among young athletes (N = 270). Results from confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) substantiated the validity of the sport-modified Social Provisions Scale (Russell and Cutrona, 1984; Ryska and Yin, 1994). Structural equation modeling analyses revealed a significant support-anxiety effect in the high trait-anxious model only (r =-.27, p .05). The present results suggest that perceived coach support represents an important mediating factor in the sport stress process among highly anxious athletes.     

Perceived competence, social anxiety about physique, and enjoyment in testing situations among groups of mixed sex and girls only.

The purpose of the present study was to assess whether there are differences in agility and coordination performance, anxiety about physique, perceived competence, and enjoyment between girls (n = 56) performing within mixed-sex versus all-female high school classes in physical education. A series of between-group comparisons yielded no significant differences between groups on measures of performance, perceived competence, and anxiety about physique; however, the mixed-sex group reported significantly greater enjoyment on both psychomotor tests than the all-female group (ps < or = .05). Results are discussed within other contexts such as sport motivation and Weiss and Chaumeton's (1992) theory of youth sport development.     

默读汉字词的脑功能偏侧化成像研究

采用读词名的方法 ,对 12名正常大学生 ,运用功能性磁共振成像技术 (fMRI) ,研究了汉字词及假词视觉识别时的脑功能偏侧化现象。实验结果表明 ,汉字词激活左下额区 (BA4 5 )以及右颞叶 (BA2 1、2 2 )、右枕叶 (BA18) ,而假词除额区外表现出广泛的激活。此结果显示除左脑半球与汉字词加工密切相关外 ,右脑半球在汉字词加工中有一定参与但其确切作用有待进一步研究     

珠心算过程的眼动和认知研究

本实验采用眼动技术和实验神经心理学的方法对珠心算的认知过程进行了实验研究。研究发现,在竖式运算时,接受过珠心算训练的儿童与没有接受过珠心算训练的儿童相比其眼动轨迹显著不同;神经心理实验的结果表明,训练组儿童在数学运算能力、数字记忆空间、注意力、大脑功能偏侧化等方面均与非训练组儿童有显著差别。     

幼儿自由游戏行为性别差异的观察研究

以35名幼儿园大班儿童为被观察对象,采用录像观察法考察了幼儿自由游戏行为的类型及其性别差异。结果表明,在儿童的社会参与范畴游戏中,平行游戏最多,其次是集体游戏和单独游戏,性别差异不显著;在儿童的认知游戏中自多到少依次为建筑游戏、表演游戏、机能游戏和规则游戏,而且在机能游戏上存在显著的性别差异。儿童的同性别的社会互动对象显著多于异性别的社会互动对象。这说明儿童的自由游戏行为与其性别存在密切关系。