The Association Between Physical Functioning and Self-rated General Health in Later Life: The Implications of Social Comparison

Self-rated general health has been used widely in health surveys as a single-item measurement of health-rated quality of life. Heterogeneity in self-evaluation of health has been well documented, yet the causes of this heterogeneity are poorly understood. This study evaluated the moderating effects of age, aging, gender, race, education and income on the relationship between physical functioning and self-rated general health using social comparison theory as a guiding framework. A longitudinal mixed-effects regression model was used to analyze a cohort enrolled into the Health and Retirement Study in 1993 that was interviewed at baseline and during four subsequent waves. The results revealed that the association between physical functioning and self-rated general health is weaker among subgroups that tend to have lower health status; i.e., older individuals, non-Caucasians and less educated individuals. These findings suggest the usefulness of social comparison theory in explaining self-rated general health and provide the basis for future research.     

How to Cook Rice: A Review of Ingredients for Teaching anti‐Prejudice

There is a pressing need to address prejudice, racism, and discrimination against marginalised groups in Australia. This involves change from the structural to the individual level. In this article, we discuss the merits of individual anti‐prejudice mechanisms within the Australian context. First, we expand on nine mechanisms described in a previous paper and then review five new mechanisms. We conclude that while some mechanisms are likely to be useful regardless of location, others need to be tailored to the local context. We also conclude that effective interventions need to utilise multiple mechanisms. It is hoped that the synthesis of the different mechanisms provided here will assist anti‐prejudice researchers, practitioners, and policymakers striving to improve relations among different groups in our society.     

情绪对内隐态度和外显态度联结的调节作用

不同的情绪在内隐态度与外显态度表现过程中塑造着不同的心理环境, 调节内隐态度和外显态度的一致性。正性情绪增加了内隐态度与外显态度的联结, 然而负性情绪对内隐态度与外显态度联结的调节作用表现并不一致。单一考虑情绪的正负效价不足以解释具体情绪影响的差异性, 情绪的确定性、情绪与直觉信任的交互作用均会对内隐态度与外显态度的联结产生影响。理论方面, 联结性-推理性评价模型及情绪-信息模型对情绪调节内隐态度与外显态度联结的内在机制进行了解释。未来研究可进一步探索特定情绪对内隐态度与外显态度联结的调节作用, 并考察情绪是否会对内隐刻板印象与外显刻板印象的联结产生调节作用, 以及采用认知神经科学技术揭示情绪调节内隐态度与外显态度联结的神经机制。     

视觉工作记忆中特征绑定关系的记忆机制

弱客体理论认为, 视觉工作记忆系统是由众多特征存储的子系统组成, 不同纬度的特征独立存储在相应的有限容量的子系统中, 相互之间不会竞争记忆资源。而对于特征之间绑定关系的记忆存在不同的观点。一种观点认为绑定关系的记忆需要注意维持, 因此绑定关系的记忆会占用到特征记忆的资源; 另一种观点认为绑定关系的记忆是自动发生的, 不需要注意的维持。本实验的目的是探究特征绑定关系的记忆是否是自动发生的。在实验中, 我们设计了两种任务, 一种任务是只记忆颜色, 另一种任务是记忆颜色跟位置及其之间的绑定关系, 并测试分析视觉工作记忆相关的ERP成分CDA。结果发现两种任务条件下的CDA波幅之间没有显著差异, 说明视觉工作记忆中的特征绑定是自动发生的。     

学习态度与学习成绩的相关研究——以学习考勤记录与课堂提问成绩作为学生平时成绩的初步探讨

本研究以大学生的学习考勤记录与课常提问成绩作为其平时成绩的方法,对学习态度与学习成绩的相关进行了初步探讨.研究表明,由学习考勤记录与课堂提问成绩组成的平时成绩与学习总成绩呈现极其显著的相关,证明学习态度对学习成绩具有重要的影响,能在一定程度上对后者进行预测;同时,说明以学习考勤记录与课堂提问成绩作为平时成绩的方法,对于评估学生的学习态度和学习结果具有一定的可行性和有效性.     

简单结构刺激非规则特征突显条件下的样例效应

用变化了的Allen和Brooks的实验范式,采用2(学习轮次:5轮、10轮)×2(项目类型:旧项目、新项目)×2(项目匹配性质:正向匹配、反向匹配)混合实验设计,研究对4个特征刺激分类时非规则特征突显条件下的样例效应。结果发现,无论是错误率还是反应时都取得了明显的样例效应,但是学习时间的影响不明显。     

Reward Systems,Moral Reasoning,and Internal Auditors’ Reporting Wrongdoing

This study investigates the issue of whistle-blowing behavior that results from internal auditors discovering company wrongdoing in the process of preparing financial information. An experiment was conducted to examine whether reward systems such as cash incentives or employment contracts have an impact on auditors’ disclosing wrongdoing behavior. The results indicate that internal auditors are more likely to report wrongdoing to higher authorities when incentives are provided, suggesting reward systems have a positive effect on disclosing company’s wrongdoing or even fraud. In addition, the result reveals that internal auditors with lower levels of moral reasoning are more sensitive to cash incentives.     

结核患者服药依从性的研究现状

结核病控制是全球卫生工作的一个重点,服药依从性则是其中关键的一环。本文对结核患者服药依从性的重要性、影响因素及提高依从性的措施进行综述,认为实施直接督导短程化疗（DOTS）、强化督导、改善患者对服药依从性的认识、简化给药方案、减轻患者经济负担、设置患者提醒物等可提高服药依从性。     

应当关注时间心理无意识的研究

随着心理无意识研究在记忆、学习和思维等领域的兴起,内隐时间认知也逐步成为时间心理学中的一个研究热点。本文分析了探究内隐时间认知的四种方法:分离范式、序列学习范式、表征动量范式和计时分布相关范式,指出内隐时间认知实验范式在无意识时间人格与社会心理学中的研究也是有相当前景的。     

关于评价中心若干问题的探讨

本文对评价中心的定义、评价中心与心理测验的比较、评价中心的预测效度以及影响评价中心成功实施的原因等问题,进行了综合分析和初步探讨,从而帮助人们能够正确地认识评价中心,有效地使用评价中心;同时,也为人们对评价中心的研究和改革,提供了理论和实践方面的依据。