从“变色龙效应”到“镜像神经元”再到“模仿过多症”—— 作为社会交流产物的人类无意识模仿

人类无意识模仿是指人们在社会交流时会相互无意识地模仿对方的一些动作、表情和行为方式。其在个体社会认知以及人际交流上扮演着重要的角色。通过回顾近十年来人类无意识模仿的各个领域内的研究进展, 以及分析无意识模仿的行为学效应, 脑神经机制以及病理学调控, 可以得出如下结论：所有神经层面以及行为层面的人类无意识模仿现象都是社会交流的产物。该观点在澄清无意识模仿神经机制以及促进幼儿社会认知发展方面具有一定启示意义, 而探索孤独症患者无意识模仿障碍的病理机制有望为该领域的未来研究开启新的方向。     

高校心理咨询师的专业能力及专业发展

本研究旨在了解高校心理咨询师的专业能力及专业发展。选取24名来自北京8所高校从事心理咨询的专职或兼职心理咨询师进行4个焦点小组访谈。研究发现,高校心理咨询接触到的主要问题是心理障碍,多数心理咨询师胜任工作的专业能力不足,专业训练和实践均有欠缺,专业发展的需求强烈。健全高校临床与咨询心理学学历教育,推行心理咨询师资格认证和审核制度以及完善继续教育机制是促进高校心理咨询师专业能力及专业发展的重要途径。     

Early differentiation between drawing and writing in Chinese children

Children under 3½ years of age or so are often thought to produce the same types of scribbles for writing and drawing. We tested this idea by asking Chinese 2- to 6-year-olds to write and draw four targets. In Study 1, Chinese adults judged the status of the productions as writings or drawings. The adults performed significantly above the level expected by chance even with the productions of 2- to 2½-year-olds. In Study 2, we examined specific characteristics of the children’s writings and drawings. Although the younger children’s scribbles bore little resemblance to the correct characters, they tended to be smaller, sparser, and more angular than their artwork, with less filling in. Differences were also found in paper use and implement use. Children did not appear to distinguish writing from drawing for their own names before they did so for other targets.     

The Mediating Processes Linking Applicant Personality Traits and Interviewer Evaluation

This study examines interview preparations (i.e., social preparation and background preparation) and impression management (IM) tactics (i.e., self‐focused IM and other‐focused IM) as the mechanisms between applicant personality characteristics and interviewer evaluation. Data were collected from both actual job applicants and interviewers. Results show that personality characteristics (i.e., extraversion and conscientiousness) have indirect effects on interviewer evaluation in terms of perceived person–job fit (P–J fit) and interpersonal liking through these two types of applicant behaviors. This study accomplishes two goals: (1) it extends the socioanalytic theory of personality ( Hogan, 1996 ) by testing the intervening roles played by applicants' behaviors that correspond to getting along with and getting ahead of others; and (2) it suggests that these applicant behaviors might be important cues for practical interviewers' effective assessment of applicants' performance‐related characteristics.     

Test of a Model Linking Applicant Résumé Information and Hiring Recommendations

Previous research has shown that résumé information (i.e., including both content and aesthetics) influences recruiters' hiring recommendations. This study extends previous research by proposing and testing a model that examines mediating processes underlying the relationship between résumé information and hiring recommendations in real employment interviews for actual job openings. Results from 62 interviewers of 30 firms partially supported our hypotheses and showed that the three types of recruiters' inferences (i.e., including professional knowledge, interpersonal skills, and general mental ability) from applicants' résumé information mediated the effects of résumé information on hiring recommendations.     

相似性信息的激活对情境性表征影响的年龄差异

使用视觉搜索范式研究了6岁、9岁、12岁和成人,在限时和不限时呈现材料条件下对实物图形的视觉搜索及再认。结果表明:1)限时和不限时视觉搜索任务方式对视觉搜索和再认的准确性、反应时均有显著影响。2)视觉搜索和再认的准确性随被试年龄的增长而提高,反应时则随其年龄增长而缩短。3)靶项目是否作为搜索项目出现对视觉搜索和再认的准确性没有显著影响,但对视觉搜索和再认的反应时有显著影响,靶项目的出现使视觉搜索和再认的反应时都显著缩短。4)搜索项性质对视觉搜索和再认的反应时指标有显著影响,但对准确性没有显著影响。     

基本认知训练对3～4岁儿童分类能力发展的影响

以129名3~4岁的小班儿童为实验对象,通过对儿童的基本认知能力———感知、比较、抽象概括的综合训练促进儿童依据事物表面特征分类的能力。结果表明,基本认知能力训练能够显著地促进3~4岁儿童分类能力的发展,分类材料的复杂程度影响3~4岁儿童分类活动的成绩。     

应激条件下的双重学习系统

心理学、神经科学和行为经济学中许多研究一致认为, 人的行为由双重学习系统控制, 分别是反射性系统和反思性系统。前者是自动化的习惯系统, 反应快速, 不需要消耗认知资源, 后者是反应较为缓慢的认知系统, 需要消耗更多认知资源, 但也更加灵活, 可以有效应对外界环境的变化。这两种学习系统并行存在而又相互竞争, 共同影响人的心理和行为。究竟是哪种学习系统对人的特定行为起着主导作用, 又有哪些因素导致该系统对行为的支配, 是近年来普遍受到关注的问题。过去研究者们采用导航学习、概率分类学习或工具性学习及其计算模型, 从行为和大脑层面探讨双重学习系统在急性和慢性应激下的变化。通过回顾和分析这些研究, 我们总结出应激导致个体向习惯行为转变的生理机制, 即去甲肾上腺素和糖皮质激素在杏仁核的参与下与受体结合协同作用于双系统相关的脑区, 并从该角度出发重新梳理和解释毒品成瘾的形成。未来需要重点关注个体基因差异与应激影响学习的关系, 并采用多种研究手段以更好地揭示其背后的神经和内分泌机制。     

Executive Function and Mental Rotation During Middle Childhood: The Effect of Age

The authors examined the relative contributions of three aspects of executive function with two-dimensional (2D) mental rotation in children between 8 and 12?years old. Participants were given one standard 2D mental rotation measure, two working memory tasks (Corsi blocks and digit span), two inhibitory control tasks (Stroop and go/no go), and two planning ability tests (Tower of Hanoi and Tower of London). The correlational patterns between executive function and 2D mental rotation were different depending on age. More inhibitory control in younger children was associated with better performance in mental rotation, but not in older children. These results add to the understanding of the specific nature of children’s executive function-mental rotation relations.     

张横渠人格结构学说探赜

张载是我国宋代新儒学的代表,将佛教作为批判的重点,建构起系统的哲学体系。张栽作为道学的重要开创者之一,提出了“心统性情”的人格结构学说,该文试图就张载的“心统性情”的人格结构学说、人格二重性理论及其认知心理思想进行剖析,探讨其心性学说对中国古代心性理论以及中国心理学思想的深远影响。