家庭游戏中的母亲控制策略与儿童顺从行为

以42个3岁儿童及其母亲为被试,考察在家庭自由游戏中母亲的控制策略和儿童的顺从行为之间的关系。结果表明：（1）在亲子交往中,母亲使用直接命令的频次最多,间接命令次之,否定控制最少。（2）3岁儿童对母亲控制的顺从率为56．1％;在儿童的不顺从行为中,无技巧不顺从占优势,其中消极不顺从的频次最多。（3）母亲的弱控制策略与儿童的顺从行为相关最高;强控制策略与儿童的无技巧不顺从相关最高。（4）在儿童不顺从时,母亲的弱控制策略容易导致儿童的顺从行为,强控制策略则容易导致儿童的情境性顺从行为。     

同伴团体对儿童青少年学业成就和社会功能关系的影响

运用同伴评价、教师评估和学校记录等多种渠道收集关于同伴团体、社会功能、同伴接纳以及学业成就的资料,旨在考察同伴团体与儿童青少年学业成就和社会功能的关系。研究发现：绝大多数儿童青少年都有自己的同伴团体。这些同伴团体在学业成就上有很高的同质性。学业成就与社会适应无论在团体内的个体水平还是在团体水平上都密切相关。而且,团体的学业表现是个体学业成就和社会适应间的重要调节因素,表明团体学业规范对个体水平上学业成就与社会功能的关系有增强或是减弱的作用。这项研究再一次证明同伴团体在儿童个体发展中的重要意义。     

Orientation of the diamond and the square revisited

Below the age of 7 or 8, children find it very difficult to reproduce a diamond compared with a square. They are also highly sensitive to contextual alignment cues from the age of three years. It is shown here that over the brief age-span of 4-6 years (inclusive), children come to control the weight they give to contextual cues. It is argued that this is a more likely precursor of the older child's ability to cope with obliques, than is the converse process of learning to specify targets and thence to prevent themselves from responding inappropriately to the context. Of course, both target-specification and contextual-responsiveness are manifest at all the ages, but the latter seems to have the leading edge in early development.     

言语失误的实验研究与理论模型

言语失误(speech errors)是指人们在说话时无意中非习惯性的偏离言语计划所致的错误.该文首先回顾了国外研究者从自然情景与实验室情景两种条件下对言语失误开展的研究,其次阐述了言语失误的理论模型,并介绍了认知神经科学对言语失误与大脑关系的一些研究成果,最后对言语失误研究提出了展望.     

试论清代易学转型中的图学批判与汉学复萌

清初图学批判运动与乾嘉汉学复萌之间相隔数十年,两者在批判宋代以先天、河洛为代表的图书易学上秉持一致态度,但在对治《易》正途的理解上,前者认为当效法王弼、程颐之易学,以义理研习为务;而后者则高扬“汉学”大旗,力主恢复两汉象数易学的传统。因此,图学批判运动实与“汉学”无涉,清代易学中之“汉学”范畴理当适度缩减,将其起点延后至惠栋。“汉宋之争”说和“两派六宗”说分别将两汉象数易与宋代图书易、义理易与象数易相对立,然而两说均无法在二分法中合理安置象数易学、义理易学与图书易学的位次及关系。以象数、义理、图书三分,可以成为对历史上易学类型划分的修正方案。     

从地藏造像的组合看其与西方净土信仰的关系

隋唐时期中国佛教空前兴盛并日益世俗化,佛教信仰广泛地影响民众的日常生活.在中国的佛菩萨信仰中,不同的神灵司职不同的领域,由于民众所遇到的生活事物不同,大都会从个人的自身利益出发去信仰某一神灵,这种信仰的流行往往也伴随着造像的产生.有时不同佛菩萨共同出现的组合,更能得到大众普遍的崇敬与膜拜,因此在民间信仰生活中,许多是以多尊像同时出现的形式来表达对神灵的祈求.本文即以地藏菩萨像为主轴,通过对石窟造像的组合形式、题记和相关文献的研究,说明地藏菩萨与西方净土信仰的关系.     

六朝蒋子文信仰探微

蒋子文信仰是六朝时期盛行于今南京及其附近地区的一种巫觋鬼神信仰。其信仰兴起的时间当在公元211年或219年,其形成的关键原因在于孙权迎合江东民众普遍信仰的“江东化”宗教政策。     

The Advanced Programmer's Reliance on Program Semantics: Evidence from some Cognitive Tasks

This study examined the effects of programming expertise on the semantic processing of computer programs. Experiment 1 showed that sensitivity to semantic changes (i.e. changes of actual program functions) in a BASIC program recognition task increased with programming experience. No such pattern was observed for surface changes (i.e. changes of program syntax without functional alterations). The magnitude of semantic priming for BASIC keywords in a lexical decision task also increased with expertise, but the pattern was not found with normal English priming. In Experiment 2, novice BASIC programmers detected more semantic changes than the controls (non-programmers) in BASIC programs; the reverse was found for surface changes. Both the controls and the novices detected more semantic than surface changes in English passages. The BASIC priming effect was found only with the novices whereas English priming was demonstrated with both the control and the novice participants. The present findings support the view that the programming expert relies particularly on semantic processing and such reliance is specific to programming activities. Practical implications of the present results are discussed.     

人文主义与科学主义在中医现代化研究中的冲突

因中医学的核心概念未能获得现代科学意义上的实证,所以有人提出科学主义应当从中医学研究中退出,取而代之的应当是人文主义。