Differential effects of oral reading to improve comprehension with severe learning disabled and educable mentally handicapped students

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of oral reading as a teaching technique for improving reading comprehension of 11 Educable Mentally Handicapped or Severe Learning Disabled adolescents. Students were tested on their ability to answer comprehension questions from a short factual article. Comprehension improved following the oral reading for students with a reading grade equivalent of less than 5.5 (measured from the Wide Range Achievement Test) but not for those students having a grade equivalent of greater than 5.5. This association was statistically significant (p = less than .01). Oral reading appeared to improve comprehension among the poorer readers but not for readers with moderately high ability.     

The Chinese single-child family programme and population psychology

China's population explosions of the early 1950s and late 1960s, followed by the launching of the one-child population policy, can be expected to have an effect on the country's demographic structure that will persist for another 60-80 years. The proportion of the population over 60 years of age should increase from 7.6% in 1982 to a peak of 25.3% by 2040. As a result, by the mid-21st century, a labor force comprised of half the population will be supporting equal numbers of young and aged people. Although political and economic utility factors make it unlikely that China's fertility rate will ever fall below 2.0, the steady aging of society will have long-term social as well as demographic consequences. Increased material and emotional investment in children, brought about by the one-child policy, may compete with investments in the needs of the aged. Recommended is consolidation of a three-generation family system in which grandparents help to maintain family interdependence and provide child care in exchange for support from their adult children. Such a model is consistent with the Confucian emphasis on respect for the wisdom of the elderly and responsibility for their well-being.     

Parent and Teen Perceptions Regarding Parental Efforts at Controlling Teen Drunk Driving1

This research examined the potential utility of a parental control technique to prevent adolescent drunk driving by identifying parent and teen sources of resistance to an ignition interlock system. The research also examined the theoretical issue of parental control over adolescents by identifying factors parents consider when deciding to use a control technique. Parent and teen receptivity to the interlock was examined in relation to teen drunk driving. General parental control orientations (controlling vs. permissive) were examined in relation to the factors that influence parental decisions to implement such a control technique. Factors related to sources of reluctance to use the device were also examined. The findings revealed that parents were generally ambivalent toward the interlock. In contrast, teens responses varied, with approximately 20% of the sample reporting favorable attitudes toward having an interlock installed in the their cars. In addition, both parents and teens expressed concern about how the interlock would affect their relationship with each other. Finally, controlling parents tended to place less emphasis on the perceived effectiveness of the control technique when forming their attitudes toward its implementation compared to permissive parents. The findings are discussed in the context of prevention efforts for adolescent drunk driving.     

Preliminary findings with a new Vietnamese Stroop test.

Stroop performance was compared in primary Vietnamese- vs English-speaking individuals (age range 19-68 years), currently living in the USA. A modified Vietnamese Stroop task mimicked word, color, and interference effects of an English-language Stroop test. Stroop performance (items correctly completed and interference "cost") did not differ significantly between 30 Vietnamese Americans whose first language was Vietnamese (M age 34.3 yr.) vs 30 American-born individuals whose first language was English (M age 31.2 yr.). Expected performance decrements with aging were observed in English-language Stroop performance but not in Vietnamese-language Stroop performance, which instead exhibited a trend towards the opposite pattern. Unexpected group differences associated with age in Stroop performance may reflect subtle differences in task demands, not evident in simple category performance scores, or alternatively, cultural or neuropsychological differences in the study groups.     

Inhibition of Intermediate-Term Memory Following Passive Avoidance Training in Neonate Chicks by a Presynaptic Cholinergic Blocker

The effects of a specific presynaptic cholinergic antagonist, toosendanin, on memory formation following a passive avoidance training experience in day-old chicks was investigated. Bilateral injection of toosendanin into the neostriatal/hyperstriatal region of the chick forebrain produced memory impairment in a dose-dependent manner. Retention deficits were apparent from 20 min following training in chicks treated with toosendanin, regardless of the injection time relative to training. Chicks that received injections of the drug at corresponding times prior to retention tests showed normal retention levels, suggesting that toosendanin has no effect on performance and memory retrieval. These results indicate an involvement of cholinergic transmission during an early stage of memory formation.     

测验行业的法制化趋势

文章介绍了国外多种测验的重要行为规范和法则,特别是1999年由美国心理学会、美国教育研究协会和全国教育测量理事会联合修订并出版的《教育与心理测验之标准》。另外,文章通过对“律考数额录取”和“学位考试题库”这两个具体事例的分析,说明了中国测验行业不规范的现状及其可能的原因。文章还借鉴了国外测验组织管理机构的相关经验,进一步呼吁了制定行业规范的迫切性和建立测验管理机构的必要性。     

互联网对当代大学生道德素质的影响

本文在分析调查问卷结果的基础上,从网络的特点和青年自身的个性心理的角度,分析了网络对大学生道德素质影响的方式,并从青年本身的可塑性、家庭以及社会环境和氛围等几个方面入手探究了互联网对大学生道德素质影响的原因。     

造血干细胞移植资格准入的相关问题

通过探讨目前我国开展造血干细胞移植(HSCT)存在的问题,介绍开展HSCT的基本要求,引入准入制度的重要意义来保护这项医疗技术不被滥用,使其最终的结果是HSCT的技术得到稳步提高,移植质量得到有效保障。     

造血干细胞移植资格准入的相关问题

通过探讨目前我国开展造血干细胞移植(HSCT)存在的问题,介绍开展HSCT的基本要求,引入准入制度的重要意义来保护这项医疗技术不被滥用,使其最终的结果是HSCT的技术得到稳步提高,移植质量得到有效保障.     

民族精神开掘的探索--"战国策派"文化观的一个侧面

“战国策派”试图从不同文化竞存的平面,反思我国民族文化的利弊。在其文化重建的构想中,对民族精神的开掘进行了一定的探索,认为对传统文化的批判是弘扬民族精神的基础;国家责任感的建立是基本;力的观念的建立是核心。