人类超常记忆的认知神经科学研究综述

借助脑成像技术,人类超常记忆研究揭示出:世界记忆大师与常人存在显著的脑功能差异,如海马等区域的激活;随着领域内训练增加,知识与经验逐渐取代一般能力来影响记忆活动,如在空间记忆任务上相关脑区激活量减少且集中;行为层面的记忆理论找到了相应的电生理基础,如国际象棋记忆的"组块"位于颞叶,音乐领域的"长时工作记忆"与脑区负波有关.同时,期待更多从生理层面上来揭示人类超常记忆能力实质的研究.     

教师压力影响职业倦怠:教学效能感的调节作用

采用问卷法以743名中小学在职教师为被试研究了教学效能感在职业压力影响职业倦怠过程中的调节作用。结果发现:①教师的工作特征、学生等压力源能有效预测教师职业倦怠。随着从业年限的增加,影响职业倦怠的主要压力源从工作特征过渡到社会特征。②教学效能的调节作用因教师不同的人口学分布而异,其中一般教学效能和个体教学效能所表现出来的调节效应也不同。③个体教学效能表现出线性调节作用,一般教学效能表现出曲线调节作用,两种调节作用的性质取决于不同的压力源。     

团队学习的理论与相关研究进展述评

团队学习是指团队成员通过互动不断获取、整合与分享知识, 并在此基础上改善行为、优化团队体系, 提升组织适应性以达到组织目标的过程。在文献研究的基础上, 介绍了团队学习的概念内涵和性质、理论基础、结构与测量, 并且探讨了团队学习的影响因素、影响效应模型及作用机制, 最后指出了团队学习研究应继续理清概念内涵的界定、结构与测量工具的开发、系统模型的构建扩充、影响效应的结果变量和跨文化扩展研究等问题。     

讲科学理念 用科技育人

金秋时节,孟津大地硕果累累,到处呈现着一派丰收景象。县直属中学校园内一千多名学子们带着幸福的欢笑鼓起阵阵热烈的掌声和喝彩声。当我     

ON THE IMMEDIACY OF PHONETIC PERCEPTION

Abstract— If, as we believe, language is a specialization alt the way down to its roots, then perception of its consonantal elements should be immediately phonetic, not as in the conventional view, a secondary translation from percepts of an auditory sort. Supporting observations come from an experiment in which formant transitions that distinguish [da] and [gal were presented as sinusoids and combined with a synthetic syllable made of resonances, thus causing the auditory system to treat these acoustically incoherent parts as different sources Evidence for the source difference was varied by changing the intensity of the sinusoids relative to the remainder of the syllable. Over the greater part of a 60-dB range, listeners accurately identified the consonants, indicating that they had integrated the stimuli according to a coherence that existed only in the phonetic domain. At the lowest intensities, indeed, the consonants were accurately identified, even though the whistles—the normal responses to the sinusoids—were not. There followed then a range over which perception was duplex. Both consonants and whistles were accurately identified At the highest intensities, phonetic integration failed, but accurate perception of the whistles was maintained. That the phonetic percept was present when as auditory counterpart was absent, and vice versa, is evidence that the phonetic percept is independent of its auditory counterpart and not a translation from it, as is the fact that the two percepts followed very different courses in response to the experimental variable.     

“心理距离“在后悔加工中作用的初步研究

采用改编的虚构故事,通过240名大学生课堂实验的形式,对假设思维中涉及的最佳状态和理想状态之间的心理距离是影响后悔强度的主要因素的假设进行检验。结果部分支持了该假设。同时表明,心理距离外的其它因素,如“孤岛效应”也对后悔加工有较大的影响。另外,对后悔的后加工观进行了检验,为后悔的研究从实验室转向现实生活辅平了道路。     

Reliability and validity of the Korean Youth Depression Adjective Check List (Y-DACL).

To develop a Korean version of the Youth Depression Adjective Check List (Y-DACL), bilingual Koreans achieved consensus in their translation of the 22 adjectives. Four hundred and seventeen male and 412 female adolescents from 8th through 12th grade of four Korean public schools (mean age ranged from 13.4 to 17.3) completed the state form of the Y-DACL, the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and the Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS). Internal consistency was high (alpha = .87), split-half reliability was moderately high (.72), and test-retest reliability was low (.26) as expected. Estimates of concurrent validity indicated a moderate level of correlation between the Y-DACL and the BDI and SDS. The findings suggest that the Korean Y-DACL is suitable for use in research.     

Altruistic or selfish? Responses when safety is threatened depend on childhood socioeconomic status

Altruism is an effective method of coping with threats. This research explored the relationship between childhood socioeconomic status (SES) and altruism under different situations. The results of five studies provided reliable evidence that safety-threat conditions moderated the relationship between childhood SES and altruism. Individuals with higher childhood SES exhibited higher altruistic intentions (Studies 1 and 2) and behaviors (Study 3) when they were manipulated to imagine a safety threat scenario (Study 1), when viewing pictures of disasters (Study 2), and when they were manipulated to believe that their health was under threat (Study 3). However, their childhood SES had no significant impact on their altruistic intentions and behaviors in relatively safe environments (Studies 1–3). This effect was again tested in more realistic environmental conditions using a large-scale survey in Study 4. In Study 5, we explored the underlying mechanism behind the earlier findings (i.e., temporal discounting).     

研究专家行为的实验途径:一种质性方法

随着认知心理学对具体领域问题解决的研究不断深入,研究者越来越关注人的高级认知过程;而伴随这一研究倾向的变化．旨在揭示高胜任能力或者专家行为的实质及其发展的科学研究方法也逐渐成形;本文介绍了选择符合科学研究的专家行为标准,即有效性、可重复性和可测量性;之后,详述了研究专家行为的步骤．即选择被试、明确典型任务、进行任务分析、设计研究方案、收集原始资料、分析原始资料和解释专家行为等。这一方法的阐述．为心理学工作者使用该方法提供了一类规范。