双语、单语者的抑制控制差异——来自IOR的证据

采用3×2被试内设计,以返回抑制(Inhibition of return,简称IOR)范式为基础,考察双语者与单语者的抑制控制差异。结果发现:(1)短SOA时,两组被试均出现了显著的IOR,长SOA时IOR现象消失,说明两组被试在IOR出现的时程上并无差异。(2)双语者的IOR效应量明显大于单语者,研究结果支持了双语学习对抑制控制能力发展起到促进作用的观点,并且这一促进作用在成人被试中仍然存在。     

泛文化的自尊需要：基于中国人的研究证据

自尊需要是否具有跨文化普遍性是文化心理学领域近10年来争论最为激烈的问题之一。围绕这一争议, 本文从6个方面对国内外基于中国人的自尊研究进行了梳理、整合和解读。结果显示：1)自尊作为一种结构在中国和西方是类似的; 2)中国人的自尊是存在积极偏差的; 3)高自尊对中国人是有益的; 4)中国人需要、努力且策略性地维护和促进自尊; 5)中国人只是在自尊的认知成分上水平比西方人低, 情感成分上不低; 6)自尊的文化差异可以由动机或需要本身以外的与文化密切相关的因素解释, 比如：谦虚、趋中的反应偏向、朴素的辩证认知风格等。这些证据表明：自尊需要具有跨文化普遍性, 但其表达、促进和维护因文化而异。     

支气管哮喘患者预防性吸入治疗的依从性及综合干预

支气管哮喘的预防重于治疗,长期小剂量吸入糖皮质激素是预防支气管哮喘的最佳选择,已得到国际医学界的广泛认可.本文通过对300例成人支气管哮喘患者预防性吸入治疗依从性进行调查分析,提示医务人员在支气管哮喘患者预防性治疗期间,应针对每个个体,从各个不同角度对患者进行综合干预,以达到预防性治疗的目的.     

Adult outcomes as a function of an early childhood educational program: an Abecedarian Project follow-up

Adult (age 30) educational, economic, and social-emotional adjustment outcomes were investigated for participants in the Abecedarian Project, a randomized controlled trial of early childhood education for children from low-income families. Of the original 111 infants enrolled (98% African American), 101 took part in the age 30 follow-up. Primary indicators of educational level, economic status, and social adjustment were examined as a function of early childhood treatment. Treated individuals attained significantly more years of education, but income-to-needs ratios and criminal involvement did not vary significantly as a function of early treatment. A number of other indicators were described for each domain. Overall, the findings provide strong evidence for educational benefits, mixed evidence for economic benefits, and little evidence for treatment-related social adjustment outcomes. Implications for public policy are discussed.     

发展性面孔失认的认知机制及其神经基础

发展性面孔失认症是指个体在童年期就开始表现出来的一种终生性面孔识别缺陷,其不能归因于智力衰退、情感障碍、物体识别困难以及后天性脑损伤.发展性面孔失认症涉及的认知机制包括面孔特异性机制、构型加工障碍、面孔探测、面孔记忆和面孔身份识别.此外,该面孔失认症的神经网络由核心神经网络和延伸的神经网络组成,前者与面孔选择反应和记忆表征有关,后者主要负责面孔知识表征、面孔长时记忆和面孔工作记忆.今后的研究应集中在完善延伸的神经网络、拓展其认知网络;进一步明确面孔探测与发展性面孔失认之间的关系;考察发展性面孔失认症的基因基础、加强其发展性研究以及推动康复工作的展开.     

临床护士组织氛围感知影响因素分析

对临床护士的组织氛围现状及影响因素进行调查分析,揭示护士组织氛围感知处于中等偏上水平.其中社会地位及护患关系感知情况较差;职称与月收入最高的护士组织氛围感知最佳;临时护士组织氛围感知优于在编护士.建议提高护士自身素质、加强护患沟通;善用激励机制;增强管理者“个人权利”.     

Traits and stories: links between dispositional and narrative features of personality

Dispositional traits and life narratives represent two different levels of personality that have not previously been empirically linked. The current study tested five hypotheses connecting Big-Five traits to life-narrative indices of emotional tone, theme, and structure. Students (Study 1) and adults (Study 2) completed a self-report measure of the Big-Five traits and provided extended written accounts of either ten (students) or eight (adults) key life-narrative scenes, including life high points, low points, and turning points. Content analysis of the narrative data revealed that for both samples Neuroticism was positively associated with an emotionally negative life-narrative tone, Agreeableness was correlated with narrative themes of communion (e.g., friendship, caring for others), and Openness was strongly associated with the structural complexity of life narrative accounts. Contrary to prediction, however, Conscientiousness was not consistently associated with themes of agency (e.g., achievement, self-mastery) and Extraversion was unrelated to positive narrative tone. The results are discussed in the context of contemporary research and theorizing on the narrative study of lives and the relation of narrative research in personality to more conventional, trait-based approaches.     

Psychophysiological mediators of caregiver stress and differential cognitive decline

The authors examined relationships between chronic stress and cognitive decline and whether such relationships were mediated by psychophysiological factors. Ninety-six caregivers of spouses with Alzheimer's disease (AD) were compared with 95 similar noncaregiver spouses. All were free of diabetes. Although the groups started similarly, over 2 years caregivers declined by a small but significant amount (1 raw score point and 4 percentile points, each p<.05) on Shipley Vocabulary. In contrast, noncaregivers did not change. Higher hostile attribution (beta=-.09; p<.05) and metabolic risk (beta=-.10; p<.05) in caregivers mediated the cognitive decline. This is the first study of cognitive decline and mediators in caregivers. This work has implications for caregiver and care-recipient health and for research on cognition, psychophysiology, diabetes, and AD.     

The effect of the physical versus mental presence of a high-powered person on consumers' healthy food choices

Consumers make distinct food choices when they see versus when they think about a powerful person. This research identifies two scenarios involving the presence of a high-powered other, physical presence versus mental presence, and examines the effect of the physical and mental presence of a high-powered other on consumers' healthy food choices. Conducting six experiments, we show that the physical presence of a high-powered other increases one's self-enhancement motivation and leads to healthier food choices, while the mental presence of a high-powered other increases one's perceived constraints and leads to unhealthy food choices. We also find that interpersonal closeness moderates the positive effect of the physical presence of a high-powered other on healthy food choices but does not moderate the negative effect of the mental presence of a high-powered other on healthy food choices.