Behavioral and neural correlates of memory selection and interference resolution during a digit working memory task

Neuroimaging studies have shown the involvement of prefrontal and posterior parietal cortexes in regulating information processing. We conducted behavioral and fMRI experiments to investigate the relationship between memory selection and proactive interference (PI), using a delayed recognition task with a selection cue presented during the delay indicating which two of the four studied digits were relevant to the present test. PI was indexed by the response time differences between rejecting probes matching and not matching the no longer relevant digits. By varying the delay intervals, we found that the effect of PI did not diminish, even for cases in which the postcue interval was extended to 9 sec, but was stronger when the precue interval was lengthened to 5 sec. By examining the correlation between PI index and neural correlates of memory selection, we found that stronger PI is predicted by lower selection-related activity in the left inferior parietal lobe, the precuneus, and the dorsal middle frontal gyrus. Our results suggest that activity in the prefrontal-parietal network may contribute to one’s ability to focus on the task-relevant information and may proactively reduce PI in working memory.     

Precedence-effect-induced enhancement of prepulse inhibition in socially reared but not isolation-reared rats

Attention to a prepulse presented shortly before a startling stimulus enhances prepulse inhibition (PPI) of startle in normal people, but not in schizophrenics. Fear conditioning for the prepulse enhances PPI in socially reared, but not isolation-reared, rats. In humans, selective attention to acoustic signals against masking can be facilitated by precedence-effect-induced perceived spatial separation between the signal and the masker. This study investigated whether perceived spatial separation between a prepulse and a noise masker enhances PPI in socially reared rats and isolation-reared rats. The results show that both PPI and conditioning-induced PPI enhancement were larger in socially reared rats than in isolation-reared rats. More important, in socially reared, but not isolation-reared, rats, a further PPI enhancement was induced by precedence-effect-induced perceived separation between a prepulse and a masker only after the prepulse became fear conditioned. Thus, perceived separation facilitates normal rats’ attention to a conditioned prepulse and enhances PPI. Isolation rearing impairs rats’ ability to attend to ecologically significant acoustic events.     

自我和他人的协调与心理理论的神经机制

有关心理理论神经机制的研究远未达到共识。从自我与他人协调的角度看,可认为它是一个由多脑区有机组织而成的系统。自我中心化偏差是人类认知的一种默认选择,要正确理解他人的心理状态,需要抑制自我中心偏差。因此,心理理论的加工至少包括以下几个不同的过程：通过模拟自我理解他人,相应的加工脑区为镜像神经元系统;从他人与客体形成的二元关系中表征心理状态的内容,相应脑区是颞顶联合区;对模拟自我进行抑制,相应脑区为背外侧额叶;以及整合协调以上几个过程,其脑区可能是内侧前额叶     

5岁儿童能够理解假装的心理表征:对Moe任务的质疑

本研究通过三个实验对Lillard的Moe假装任务进行了重复与改进,旨在探讨儿童对假装行为中知识状态作用的理解,进而讨论儿童对假装的心理本质的理解。实验一表明,“是否”问题使得5岁儿童在该任务上表现出肯定回答倾向;实验二表明．当改变提问方式,在问题中提供选择项目后,5岁儿童在该任务上的通过率有显著提高．肯定回答倾向明显减弱;实验三表明,当减少指导语中相互矛盾的信息、明确指出主人公知道某物而不知道另一物以及减弱对未知状态和知道状态的强调的情况下．5岁儿童能根据主人公所知道的事物来推断出其行为是在假装成该事物,能理解到知识状态在假装行为中的作用。这一结果表明5岁儿童能够理解到假装中所隐含的心理表征,Lillard所提出的Moe任务范式低估了儿童对假装的心理本质的理解能力。     

项目组合在结构方程模型中的应用

项目组合（itemparceling）是对同一量表中的若干项目进行整合并形成新的观测指标的过程。虽然一直以来它都是一个有争议的议题,但随着其在结构方程模型中的应用日益广泛,它越来越受到研究者重视。文章从项目组合的基本逻辑、优缺点以及具体方法等方面对项目组合的研究进行了概括,并在此基础上提出了使用的具体建议：（1）根据研究的目的与具体情境选择是否需要组合;（2）组合之前必须首先确定概念的维度性;（3）项目组合最好建立在一定的理论基础上等等。未来的研究可以深入探讨各种组合方法对模型拟合以及参数估计的影响以及项目组合在一些SEM高阶应用中的效果,并进一步与项目反应理论等测量理论相结合     

成功老龄化的SOC模型研究综述

本文简单回顾了关于成功老龄化研究的历史,综合阐释其定义及指标,并引入Baltes经典成功老龄化的SOC模型,详细介绍它的原理及其组成部分——选择、优化和补偿,并概述它对老龄化满意度的积极影响,最后总结了该领域研究中尚存的问题。     

英国哲学研究现状及其简要分析

[作者说明]2007年我受国家留学基金委的资助,到英国进行为期半年的学术访问,走访了英国的几所主要大学哲学系,采访了许多英国著名哲学家,查阅了大量英国哲学最新研究资料,参加了在英国召开的各种国际学术研讨会,对英国哲学的研究现状有了进一步的了解。根据我所了解的情况,我对英国哲学的研究现状做出如下简要分析,供参考。     

RBF神经网络在股价预测中的应用

提出了一种基于RBF神经网络的股票价格预测模型。该模型通过对历史股价数据的分析,采用K-均值聚类算法动态确定RBF网络中心,根据梯度下降法进行自适应权值调整。并且根据股价的差异大,时变性强和高度非线性的特点,对RBF网络的学习算法进行了改进,进一步提高了RBF网络的非线性映射能力和自适应能力,最后运用该模型对股票走势进行了预测。     

Communal Behaviors and Psychological Adjustment of Family Caregivers and Persons With Spinal Cord Injury

OBJECTIVE: Examined the influence of mutual communal behaviors on the adjustment reported by persons with spinal cord injury (SCI) and their family caregivers. Previous research has found that persons who have a history of mutually communal behaviors in relationships may react differently to relationship changes after an acquired physical disability than dyads with few communal behaviors. METHOD: Family caregivers and persons with SCI were administered measures of mutual communal behaviors, depression, and life satisfaction. Structural equation modeling was used to test the relations among caregivers' communal behaviors and care recipients' communal behaviors, depression, and life satisfaction. RESULTS: Caregiver and care recipient reports of communal behaviors were not significantly correlated. Significant paths indicated that care recipients' communal behavior scores were positively associated with their life satisfaction, and care recipients' depression was inversely associated with their life satisfaction. Caregivers' communal behavior scores were unrelated to their self-reported adjustment. CONCLUSIONS: Caregiver-care recipient dyads may differ in their perceptions of communal behaviors in their relationships. Although care recipient reports of communal behavior may be related to their life satisfaction, communal behaviors may not serve a similar function among caregivers of persons with SCI.     

成人学习不良的神经心理与行为遗传研究

介绍了成人学习不良者神经心理与行为遗传方面的研究,深入分析了成人学习不良中阅读不良的电生理和行为遗传特点,并简要总结了有关数学不良的神经心理与行为遗传的相关机制。