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In this paper, we propose that the debate concerning the locus of attentional selection can be resolved by specifying the conditions under which early selection is possible. In the first part, we present a theoretical discussion that integrates aspects from structural and capacity approaches to attention and suggest that perceptual load is a major factor in determining the locus of selection. In the second part, we present a literature review that examines the conditions influencing the processing of irrelevant information. This review supports the conclusion that a clear physical distinction between relevant and irrelevant information is not sufficient to prevent irrelevant processing; early selection also requires that the perceptual load of the task be sufficiently high to exceed the upper limit of available attentional resources.  相似文献   
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Philosophical Studies -  相似文献   
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Twenty-five subjects were presented with eight problems involving a non-specified relation, devoid of its concrete content. This relation was signified by the symbol (--), thus logically precluding any knowledge about the properties of the relation. The problems were so designed that the truth evaluation of their solution statements reflected assumptions about the symmetry and transitivity properties of the relation. Six subjects assumed that the relation was both symmetrical and transitive, and 12 subjects assumed that it was symmetrical only. When these same 18 subjects were presented with problems which lent themselves to only one of these assumptions, all assumed that the relation was symmetrical rather than transitive. The remaining seven subjects made neither of these two assumptions in any of the problems. Examples of logical relations, given as part of the problems, and varying in their properties of symmetry and transitivity, had no effect on the subjects' assumptions. It is proposed that symmetrical and transitive relations are conceptual good figures which predisposed subjects to perceive the nonspecified relation as symmetrical or as transitive. The stronger tendency towards symmetry assumptions than towards transitivity assumptions suggests that symmetrical relations are better figures than transitive relations.  相似文献   
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Kim and Cave (1999) used spatial probes in order to measure the effects of bottom-up and top-down factors on the allocation of spatial attention over time. Subjects searched for a target with a unique shape, with a uniquely colored distractor present on each trial. The singleton distractor captured attention early in processing, whereas attention homed in on the target’s location later on. Kim and Cave (1999) concluded that top–down factors cannot prevent the presence of a salient distractor from delaying target selection. The present study tested the idea that such results were obtained only because subjects adopted the strategy of searching for the most salient item. Kim and Cave’s (1999) finding was replicated in Experiment 1. In Experiment 2, instead of a feature search, subjects performed a conjunction search—that is, a task that could not be performed using a salience–based strategy. Probe response times were longest at the salient distractor’s location at both the short and the long stimulus onset asynchronies. These results suggest that, early in processing, top–down factors can exert their influence and prevent the capture of attention by a salient distractor.  相似文献   
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The present study was designed to investigate the hypothesis that the formation of a given percept of an ambiguous figure results from focusing attention on a focal area that contains features significant for this percept but not for the alternative one. Two such focal areas were designated for the two competing interpretations of the bird/plane and duck/rabbit ambiguous figures. Detecting a letter following the figure was faster when the letter appeared in the focal area of the perceived interpretation than in the focal area of the alternative one. Furthermore, directing attention to a given focal area shortly before the presentation of the figure increased the likelihood of forming the corresponding interpretation rather than the alternative one. Results suggest that maintaining different interpretations of the same ambiguous figure is mediated by focusing attention on different parts of the figure.  相似文献   
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In four experiments participants were instructed to detect and localise a gap on a small vertical line. When the line was presented at the periphery, inattention produced a tendency to report broken lines as solid ones and also produced a substantial increase in coarse localisation errors. The results support the hypothesis (Tsal & Shalev, 1996) that the unattended visual field is composed of large attentional receptive fields (ARFs) within which there is no spatial resolution. A partial stimulation of such an ARF, by the broken line's inner ends producing the gap, signals the activation of the entire ARF resulting in the perceptual closure of the gap.  相似文献   
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