身心二元论的困境与具身认知研究的兴起

摘要 由笛卡尔开创的身心二元论一直制约着人们对身心关系的认识。但是近年来兴起的具身认知研究却从理论和实证的角度系统论证了二元论的不可能性,指出了心智对身体的依赖性,并据此提出了身心一体的身心关系学说。最初,有关具身认知的讨论仅仅是哲学领域有关身心关系问题的形而上学思考,随后开始成为心理学中的一种理论思维,并逐步进入实验心理学领域。如今,ERP、FMRI等认知神经科学的手段在具身认知的研究中得到了广泛使用。具身认知已成为心理学和认知科学中的一股汹涌澎湃的实证研究思潮。     

Evaluating the performance of different procedures for constructing confidence intervals for coefficient alpha: A simulation study

Reliability is one of the most important aspects of testing in educational and psychological measurement. The construction of confidence intervals for reliability coefficients has important implications for evaluating the accuracy of the sample estimate of reliability and for comparing different tests, scoring rubrics, or training procedures for raters or observers. The present simulation study evaluated and compared various parametric and non-parametric methods for constructing confidence intervals of coefficient alpha. Six factors were manipulated: number of items, number of subjects, population coefficient alpha, deviation from essentially parallel condition, item response distribution and type. The coverage and width of different confidence intervals were compared across simulation conditions.     

The Compromise Effect in Choosing for Others

Most research into the compromise effect focuses on cognitive factors related to choosing for oneself. However, there are daily opportunities to make choices for others, from helping friends to buy merchandise to choosing souvenirs for relatives. Although it is a common practice, choosing for others is rarely discussed in the literature. Hence, this research is directed to determine whether (i) the compromise effect is greater for people choosing for others with whom one has a distant relationship compared to choosing for themselves, (ii) the decision maker's susceptibility to interpersonal relationships, accountability, and anticipated regret moderate the relationship between choosing for others versus choosing for themselves and the compromise effect, and (iii) the confidence of the decision maker mediates the relationship between deciding for others and the compromise effect. Five hypotheses are proposed and they are supported by the results from four experiments. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

循证护理在ICU人工气道患者意外拔管中的应用

探讨循证护理在人工气道患者意外拔管中的应用.通过对123例ICU人工气道患者气管导管进行临床评估,应用循证护理的概念和实施步骤,制定护理干预措施.通过循证护理的干预,患者意外拔管发生率降低.循证护理改变了临床护士以往以经验和感觉为主的习惯和行为,有效地降低了ICU人工气道患者意外拔管的发生率,提高患者生存质量.     

APC及p63在人口腔鳞状细胞癌发生中的表达及病理意义

为了探讨抑癌基因APC及p63在口腔鳞状细胞癌中的蛋白表达水平和病理意义,实验收集46例人口腔鳞癌石蜡包埋组织,采用elivision染色法检测口腔正常黏膜上皮、上皮异常增生和口腔鳞癌组织中的APC及p63的表达变化,最后将各组份的免疫组化结果与各病例的临床病理学资料使用Kruskal- Wallis检验或Spearman相关性检验,进行统计学处理.结果显示APC蛋白胞浆表达水平与口腔鳞癌的分化呈正相关(P＜0.05),p63蛋白胞核表达水平与口腔鳞癌的分化呈负相关(P＜0.05).APC与其淋巴结有否转移无相关性,而p63与其淋巴结转移有否呈负相关(P＜0.05).因此,APC及p63的表达与口腔鳞癌的发生密切相关,而且与口腔鳞癌的分化程度有关,提示APC和p63可作为口腔鳞癌的发生和预后的检测指标.     

Alerting and orienting of attention without visual awareness

Two types of the attentional network, alerting and orienting, help organisms respond to environmental events for survival in the temporal and spatial dimensions, respectively. Here, we applied chromatic flicker beyond the critical fusion frequency to address whether awareness was necessary for activation of the two attentional networks. We found that high-frequency chromatic flicker, despite its failure to reach awareness, produced the alerting and orienting effects, supporting the dissociation between attention and awareness. Furthermore, as the flicker frequency increased, the orienting effect attenuated whereas the alerting effect remained unchanged. According to the systematic decline in temporal frequency sensitivity across the visual hierarchy, this finding suggests that unconscious alerting might be associated with activity in earlier visual areas than unconscious orienting. Since high-frequency flicker has been demonstrated to only activate early visual cortex, we suppose that neural activation in early visual areas might be sufficient to activate the two attentional networks.     

Use of the estimated intraclass correlation for correcting differences in effect size by level

In a meta-analysis of intervention or group comparison studies, researchers often encounter the circumstance in which the standardized mean differences (d-effect sizes) are computed at multiple levels (e.g., individual vs. cluster). Cluster-level d-effect sizes may be inflated and, thus, may need to be corrected using the intraclass correlation (ICC) before being combined with individual-level d-effect sizes. The ICC value, however, is seldom reported in primary studies and, thus, may need to be computed from other sources. This article proposes a method for estimating the ICC value from the reported standard deviations within a particular meta-analysis (i.e., estimated ICC) when an appropriate default ICC value (Hedges, 2009b) is unavailable. A series of simulations provided evidence that the proposed method yields an accurate and precise estimated ICC value, which can then be used for correct estimation of a d-effect size. The effects of other pertinent factors (e.g., number of studies) were also examined, followed by discussion of related limitations and future research in this area.     

人有“希望”的权利———围绕着康德“至善”的理念

本文从康德"批判哲学"的整体角度出发,在"思辨理性"和"实践理性"各自"立法权限"的关系中重点探讨了"德性"与"幸福"作为"原因"与"结果"的"先天综合"的可能性,以此阐明"希望"的"先天必然"的"根据",阐明"希望"之"权利"的"必然"基础。在面对"圆满之善"之为"希望"的"目的-对象"的问题时,本文还讨论了康德关于"神之存在"和"灵魂不朽"作为"实践理性""设定-悬设"所产生的问题,并试图提出自己的看法,强调一个在"实践理性""自律"下的"希望"的"理性"自身的"根据"。     

未来中国马克思主义哲学

中国马克思主义哲学研究的未来走向,与过去和现在的研究现状密切相关,必然受多种因素的制约,主要是:马克思主义哲学中国化的传统、时代与时代主题、中国现代化建设的历史进程、世界性的哲学交流与对话等等。论文就相关问题,如哲学与政治、学术性与现实性、理论与实践、哲学与群众、主流学派与非主流学派、革命家与哲学家、哲学研究方式与实证研究方式等进行讨论。论文的结论:中国化的马克思主义研究将仍然是主流,过去哲学研究那种大一统的局面将不复存在,多样性的研究、主流学派与非主流学派并存,在建设中国特色的社会主义中,各种研究路径互相竞争、互相切磋、互相促进,未来中国马克思主义哲学研究将会出现前所未有的繁荣     

流动人口对结核病相关知识和政策的认知及态度研究

对229例流动人口结核病疑似患者采用问卷调查,开展多次专题小组讨论和个人深入访谈。结果发现,流动人口对结核病相关知识和免费治疗政策了解有限,看法不一。对结核病治疗转归情况有不同程度的担心,且对结核病人持谨慎态度。建议加大流动人口健康教育的力度,以减少对结核病人的社会歧视,并探索建立传染病专项保险制度以提高全国性减免方案的效果。