不熟悉材料伴随熟悉类别标签时儿童的归纳推理

对呈现在儿童面前的不熟悉的材料用儿童熟悉的、各不相同的类别标签命名之后,使儿童面临知觉相似和类别冲突的情形下,研究了儿童的归纳推理及其发展。研究结果显示,在此情形下,5岁儿童的归纳推理主要是基于知觉相似的,7岁儿童基于知觉相似和基于类别的归纳推理之间差异不显著,11岁儿童则主要基于类别进行归纳推理。     

青少年与同伴的自我表露及其与孤独感的关系

采用问卷法,以655名初高中生为被试,考察青少年与同伴自我表露的发展特点及其与孤独感的关系。结果表明:(1)高中生与不同表露对象以及在不同主题上的自我表露都高于初中生;(2)女生在除身体发育外的6个主题上的自我表露以及与同性最要好朋友的自我表露都高于男生;(3)青少年与最要好同性朋友的自我表露以及在兴趣爱好和身体发育两个主题上的自我表露能显著负向预测其孤独感。     

Why we simulate negated information: a dynamic pragmatic account

A well-established finding in the simulation literature is that participants simulate the positive argument of negation soon after reading a negative sentence, prior to simulating a scene consistent with the negated sentence (Kaup, Ludtke, & Zwaan, 2006; Kaup, Yaxley, Madden, Zwaan, & Ludtke, 2007). One interpretation of this finding is that negation requires two steps to process: first represent what is being negated then "reject" that in favour of a representation of a negation-consistent state of affairs (Kaup et al., 2007). In this paper we argue that this finding with negative sentences could be a by-product of the dynamic way that language is interpreted relative to a common ground and not the way that negation is represented. We present a study based on Kaup et al. (2007) that tests the competing accounts. Our results suggest that some negative sentences are not processed in two steps, but provide support for the alternative, dynamic account.     

儿童特质推理中的信息利用

特质研究是心理理论框架中一个重要方面。儿童进行特质推理时对特质信息的利用,是考察其是否拥有完整特质概念的一个重要指标。综述以往研究可以看到在获得完整的特质概念之前,儿童倾向于运用到特质以外的其他信息做出跨特质范畴的推论,尤其是这些信息比特质信息更加具体明显时。文章概述了六个可能影响到儿童特质推理的信息:情境信息、行为频率、示例频率、效价信息、随意性信息、规则信息。在此基础上,对该领域的研究趋势作了展望。     

制度正当化理论述评

制度正当化是指个体将现存社会安排合法化的心理过程。制度正当化的理论基础包括谬误意识、公正世界信念理论和认知失调理论。制度正当化理论能够解释人们为什么以及怎样在认知和意识形态上维护和支持现状, 以及由此产生的一些积极和消极后果。制度正当化受到个体因素和情境因素的影响。未来研究应进一步明确制度正当化中“制度”的涵义, 加强制度正当化理论的应用性研究, 以便更好地解释社会转变如何产生。     

“All things are already complete in my body”: An explanation of the views of the Taizhou School on the human body

By means of a theoretical analysis from the point of view of phenomenology of the body, this essay tries to explain the views of Taizhou School on the body so as to apprehend the essence of Confucian thought, which is a philosophy that seeks to “establish oneself” and “cultivate oneself” rather than a “philosophy of consciousness.”     

空间量化的心理表征

空间量化(spacial quantification)是空间知觉的基础, 是对特定空间性质的表达。离散量(discrete magnitude)与连续量(continuous quantity)分别反映了空间分立和连续的性质, 二者有着相似的行为效应, 在神经表达上也有部分重叠, 这些证据暗示了二者可能有共同的表征机制——模拟表征(analog magnitude representation)。数量空间映射(number–space mappings)提供了数量与空间关系的直接证据。但空间量化的研究中还有许多未解之谜, 如：空间量化的动态表征、量化机制的普遍性、参照点问题、复杂和多维空间的量化等。在具身认知(embodied cognition)的框架下, 空间量化的心理表征研究将对空间的性质做出更深刻的回答。     

5-HT1A receptors modulate the consolidation of learning in normal and cognitively impaired rats

Attempts were made to further analyze the role of 5-HT1A receptors in consolidation of learning by evaluating the role of these receptors in cognitively normal and impaired animals. The effects of post-training administration of 8-OH-DPAT and 5-HT1A receptor antagonists, WAY 100135, WAY 100635, and S-UH-301, plus the cholinergic and glutamatergic antagonists, scopolamine and dizolcipine, respectively, were determined using an autoshaping learning task. The results showed that 8-OH-DPAT increased the number of conditioned responses, whereas WAY100135, WAY100635, and S-UH-301, and the 5-HT depleter, p-chloroamphetamine (PCA), had no effect. PCA did not change the silent properties of the 5-HT1A receptor antagonists. PCA, WAY100635, and S-UH-301, but not GR127935 (a 5-HT1B/1D-receptor antagonist) or MDL100907 (a 5-HT2A receptor antagonist), reversed the effect to 8-OH-DPAT. Ketanserin (a 5-HT2A/2C receptor antagonist) and ondansetron (a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist), at a dose that increased the conditioned responses by itself, reversed the effect of 8-OH-DPAT. Moreover, 8-OH-DPAT or S-UH-301 reversed the learning deficit induced by scopolamine and dizocilpine whereas WAY100635 reversed the effect of scopolamine only. These data confirm a role for presynaptic 5-HT1A receptors during the consolidation of learning and support the hypothesis that serotonergic, cholinergic, and glutamatergic systems interact in cognitively impaired animals.     

感觉寻求对工读生毒品使用的影响：有中介的调节效应

以523名工读生为调查对象,考察工读生毒品使用特点,并在控制相关人口学变量后,探讨感觉寻求、压力性生活事件、结交不良同伴与工读生毒品使用的关系。结果显示：（1）工读生的毒品使用行为严重,34.2%的工读生曾使用过毒品,毒品使用呈现低龄化、以吸食新型毒品为主的趋势。（2）工读生的感觉寻求是毒品使用的风险因素。（3）压力性生活事件对感觉寻求与毒品使用之间的关系具有风险增强的调节效应。（4）这种调节效应以结交不良同伴为中介变量。因此,感觉寻求对工读生毒品使用的影响是有中介的调节效应。研究结果对青少年毒品使用的预防和干预有重要的理论价值和参考价值。     

一种混合型前瞻记忆的干扰效应的神经机制

采用3（任务类型）×2（时段）被试内实验设计,对比一种混合型前瞻记忆（MPM）和基于事件的前瞻记忆（EBPM）在不同时段对进行中任务的干扰效应的神经机制。结果表明,在目标出现的时段,MPM对进行中任务有干扰效应,额区电极最活跃,额区电压最高,而在非目标时段MPM无干扰效应,但刺激出现后200-300ms额区电极较活跃。说明前瞻记忆任务在大脑中可能处于较高的激活状态,额叶灵活地调配意识的不同状态在前瞻记忆加工中参与的程度和时段。