镜像神经元:认知具身性的神经生物学证据

传统认知心理学认为认知类似于计算机对抽象符号的加工和运算,这种观点支持了身心二元论。但是近年来兴起的具身认知运动却否定了这一观点的合理性。具身认知认为认知是身体与世界互动的结果,是身体的感觉-运动系统作用于世界而塑造出来的。认知是具身的,离不开身体的构造和感觉运动系统的作用。镜像神经元的发现支持了认知的具身特征,为认知的具身性提供了神经生物学的证据。     

住院医师规范化培训中辩证思维能力的培养

精湛的临床思维能力和良好的辩证思维能力是住院医师岗位胜任能力的根本要求。如何切实提升住院医师的辩证思维意识和思维习惯是现阶段住院医师规范化培训中一个亟待解决的现实难题。阐述了培养住院医师辩证思维能力的必要性和重要性,重点分析了住院医师规范化培训中应着力掌握的几种思维素养和能力。在规范化培训阶段,应以提升住院医师的辩证思维素养、强化辩证思维意识和思维习惯的养成教育、注重临床诊治实践能力的培养等为着力点培养住院医师辩证思维能力。     

列维纳斯面对康德、黑格尔、海德格尔——当代哲学关于"存在论"的争论

Levinas subverts the traditional “ontology-epistemology,” and creates a “realm of difference,” the realm of “value,” “ethic,” and “religion,” maintaining that ethics is real metaphysics. According to him, it is not that “being” contains the “other” but the other way round. In this way, the issues of ethics are promoted greatly in the realm of philosophy. Nonetheless, he does not intend to deny “ontology” completely, but reversed the relationship between “ontology (theory of truth)” and “ethics (axiology),” placing the former under the “constraint” of the latter. Different from general empirical science, philosophy focuses more on issues irrelevant to ordinary empirical objects; it does have “objects,” though. More often than not, the issues of philosophy cannot be conceptualized into “propositions”; nevertheless, it absolutely has its “theme.” As a discipline, philosophy continuously takes “being” as its “theme” and “object” of thinking. The point is that this “being” should not be understood as an “object” completely. Rather, it is still a “theme-subject.” In addition to an “object,” “being” also manifests itself in an “attribute” and a kind of “meaning” as well. In a word, it is the temporal, historical, and free “being” rather than “various beings” that is the “theme-subject” of philosophy. Translated by Zhang Lin from Wen Shi Zhe 文史哲 (Journal of Literature, History and Philosophy), 2007, (1): 61–70     

生成与动力:具身认知研究中的互动观

从方法论上讲,认知研究中的个体主义把研究的焦点放在个体身上,倾向于从个体内部寻求对社会行为的解释。与个体主义取向不同的是,具身认知中的互动观更注重人际和社会互动对于理解他人的重要作用。心理学中的生态学方法最早关注了环境与有机体之间的互动对知觉产生的影响。生成认知在此基础上更进一步,认为互动不仅发生在有机体与环境之间,而且表现为主体与主体的交互影响,两个主体间的交互不是两个笛卡尔式心灵的对话,交互的主体是身体,是一种"肉身间性"的过程。具身认知研究中的互动观强调身心一体论,反对身心二元论,在方法论上表现出反还原论的特色。     

与指称主义相冲突的满足贝叶斯确证的信念对象

大卫·查尔默斯对指称主义一直采取怀疑的态度,他在<概率与命题>这篇文章中,通过揭示指称主义和穆勒关于专名的论点与贝叶斯确证理论之间的冲突,提出了一种否定指称主义的新论证.查尔默斯论证的核心,在于表明贝叶斯确证需要一种指称主义不能满足的条件,即它需要非指称的信念对象.非指称的信念对象需要恰当的描述,可是,查尔默斯在他的语义学中所提出的"中心世界"等概念工具,在给出这些描述时,可能会遇到理论上和实践上的困难.     

An intermediary enhances out‐group trust and in‐group profit expectation of Chinese but not Australians

In this research, we made a theoretical distinction between direct and intermediary‐mediated trust situations, and conducted a cross‐cultural (Chinese vs. Australians) investment trust game to test the overlooked effects of an intermediary on investors' trust decisions, with respect to how much to invest in and expect from trustees. Compared to situations of direct trust, a nominal intermediary increased the number of Chinese investors expecting in‐group trustees to repay a profit on their investments (Hypothesis 1) and raised their level of investment in out‐group trustees (Hypothesis 2). These results applied to Chinese, but not Australians in support of the proposal that a nominal intermediary would serve as a cue to activate different cultural stereotypes of the functions and meanings of an intermediary with respect to trust and expectation of reciprocity. Coexisting with these culture‐specific effects of an intermediary, the minimal categorisation of people into in‐group and out‐group on trivial grounds leads to a highly significant in‐group favouritism in investment levels of both Chinese and Australians (Hypothesis 3).     

六祖惠能的偈语中的心学思想探究

六祖的偈语是其禅学思想的肇始和集中体现,其中蕴含着丰富的心学思想。概括起来,它所蕴含的心学思想主要表现在以下几个方面:心的本体性与修心; 心无与心存; 心悟; 静心等。这些思想既是一种哲学思想,也是一种宗教思想,同时也是一种人们修心处世之道。它们给予当代人以很大的启迪作用和借鉴价值,在当今社会仍有重要的现实价值。     

对“整体性”的批判性反思——关于马克思主义理论的整体性研究的一个方法论问题

人们对以往关于马克思主义理论的不正确的、模糊的认识的批判,是引起重新反思马克思理论学说的整体性的直接导因,而决定这一导因出现的,恰恰是人们满足其现实的社会生活需要及其知识结构发展需要的程度和方式的变化。进而言之,当代全球化发展所越来越凸显的解决全