综论中国地方政府职能转变与机构改革

科学界定地方政府职能取决于纵向——中央-地方政府权力关系架构下的权责划分和横向——不同时代条件下政府属性及其行为取向这两个维度变量的影响。本文基于经济学公共品理论的研究视角,构建了一个以地方层次上的外部性和规模经济构成的二维空间,以此作为中央-地方政府职能划分的判断矩阵,并进一步简要分析了中国地方政府机构改革取向。本文认为,中国地方政府机构设置与中央政府有同有异理应是主流政策取向。具体而言,省级政府可能最为接近中央政府的模式,地市级政府可能更偏向于因地制宜的模式,而县、乡级政府将趋于功能整合、部门精简,一如缩微版的大部制。     

身心二元论的困境与具身认知研究的兴起

摘要 由笛卡尔开创的身心二元论一直制约着人们对身心关系的认识。但是近年来兴起的具身认知研究却从理论和实证的角度系统论证了二元论的不可能性,指出了心智对身体的依赖性,并据此提出了身心一体的身心关系学说。最初,有关具身认知的讨论仅仅是哲学领域有关身心关系问题的形而上学思考,随后开始成为心理学中的一种理论思维,并逐步进入实验心理学领域。如今,ERP、FMRI等认知神经科学的手段在具身认知的研究中得到了广泛使用。具身认知已成为心理学和认知科学中的一股汹涌澎湃的实证研究思潮。     

Reliability and validity of the kiddie mach scale in Chinese children

The present study examined the psychometric properties of a translated Chinese version of the Kiddie Mach Scale in a sample of Chinese students (N=787) ages 9 to 13 years (416 boys, 371 girls; M age= 11.3 yr., SD = 1.3). Results of confirmatory factor analysis showed a three-factor structure to be the most adequate model: Distrust, Lack of faith in human nature, and Dishonesty. These results are similar to the English version, but not the Greek version. The Chinese version exhibited weak internal consistency, but acceptable 4-week test-retest reliability. The Chinese version of the Kiddie Mach Scale was significantly associated with the Basic Empathy Scale. There was a sex effect on Kiddie Mach Scale scores with boys scoring higher on the Total scale and the Distrust subscale. Some items did not seem to function well in Chinese culture. More research will be needed to find items that represent, especially, distrust in Chinese settings.     

Systematic studies of modified vocalization: speech production changes during a variation of metronomic speech in persons who do and do not stutter

The most common way to induce fluency using rhythm requires persons who stutter to speak one syllable or one word to each beat of a metronome, but stuttering can also be eliminated when the stimulus is of a particular duration (e.g., 1 second [s]). The present study examined stuttering frequency, speech production changes, and speech naturalness during rhythmic speech that alternated 1 s of reading with 1 s of silence. A repeated-measures design was used to compare data obtained during a control reading condition and during rhythmic reading in 10 persons who stutter (PWS) and 10 normally fluent controls. Ratings for speech naturalness were also gathered from naïve listeners. Results showed that mean vowel duration increased significantly, and the percentage of short phonated intervals decreased significantly, for both groups from the control to the experimental condition. Mean phonated interval length increased significantly for the fluent controls. Mean speech naturalness ratings during the experimental condition were approximately “7” on a 1–9 scale (1 = highly natural; 9 = highly unnatural), and these ratings were significantly correlated with vowel duration and phonated intervals for PWS. The findings indicate that PWS may be altering vocal fold vibration duration to obtain fluency during this rhythmic speech style, and that vocal fold vibration duration may have an impact on speech naturalness during rhythmic speech. Future investigations should examine speech production changes and speech naturalness during variations of this rhythmic condition.Educational objectives: The reader will be able to: (1) describe changes (from a control reading condition) in speech production variables when alternating between 1 s of reading and 1 s of silence, (2) describe which rhythmic conditions have been found to sound and feel the most natural, (3) describe methodological issues for studies about alterations in speech production variables during fluency-inducing conditions, and (4) describe which fluency-inducing conditions have been shown to involve a reduction in short phonated intervals.     

人有“希望”的权利———围绕着康德“至善”的理念

本文从康德"批判哲学"的整体角度出发,在"思辨理性"和"实践理性"各自"立法权限"的关系中重点探讨了"德性"与"幸福"作为"原因"与"结果"的"先天综合"的可能性,以此阐明"希望"的"先天必然"的"根据",阐明"希望"之"权利"的"必然"基础。在面对"圆满之善"之为"希望"的"目的-对象"的问题时,本文还讨论了康德关于"神之存在"和"灵魂不朽"作为"实践理性""设定-悬设"所产生的问题,并试图提出自己的看法,强调一个在"实践理性""自律"下的"希望"的"理性"自身的"根据"。     

试析制约扬州城市现代化的主观因素

扬州城市现代化缓慢的原因包括主客观两方面,本文从主观方面入手,分析了制约扬州城市现代化缓慢的四个关键因素,它们是畸形消费形态、政府权力运作对现代化进程的“否定”、绅商阶层陈旧的保守意识和扬州人的“虚子”心态所带来的负面影响等。     

12个月中国婴儿熟悉词表征中声调的语义特性

12个月婴儿能否表征母语的音位语义特性(phonological specificity)是资源有限理论和表征不连续理论争议的焦点。本研究通过跨通道注视偏好范式(IPLP),对熟悉词进行正确命名和声调错读2种任务,发现不论任务以何种先后顺序呈现,12个月中国婴儿都在正确命名时出现命名效应,在声调错读时出现错读效应。这表明12个月中国婴儿能表征普通话声调的语义特性,资源有限理论适用于声调。     

临水夫人与妈祖信仰关系新探

临水夫人与妈祖,是福建乃至海内外都具有重要影响的两位女神。从当代信仰情况看,她们从神格、社会功能及地位影响都有较大差异,但是从历史文献及当代大量民祀情况分析,两位女神原属同一神班,妈祖即是"陈林李三夫人"中的林九娘。出于政治需要与社会功利原因,历代统治阶层对妈祖频频敕封,对临水夫人进行抑制,这使得不同社会阶层和不同地域的信众对两位女神之不同的诠释,造成她们主从及神职等方面的转换,其关系十分微妙。     

The Multiple Meanings of Age for Television Content Preferences

Two studies examined how adult age and time of measurement influence media preferences. Study 1 (using TV ratings data from 1970s to 1980s) found that the popularity of genres varied over time, but even after controlling for year, age groups differed in (a) genre choices (consistent with socioemotional selectivity theory) and (b) age of characters viewed (consistent with age identity theory). The average age of characters in each program partially mediated age differences in ratings of comedies and news, and suppressed a negative relationship between viewer age and ratings of violent programs. Study 2 (using 2005 survey data) found similar genre and character preferences. In addition, subjective age predicted age of favorite characters beyond the effect of chronological age.     

日伪统治时期南京的娼妓业

南京沦陷后,抗日战争前被明令禁止的娼妓业在日伪政权的大力推动下公然发展起来.日伪政权对娼妓业的发展并非漫无限制,而是采取了划定妓院区域、定期体检、征收妓捐等措施.但是,南京娼妓业的泛滥,严重败坏了南京社会风气.