目标定向在自我调节学习中的作用

该研究主要探讨了目标定向与认知策略、失败应对方式之间的关系,以及三者与学业成绩之间的关系,在此基础上对目标定向在自我调节学习中的作用提出了假设：目标定向是自我调节学习的始动机制,它影响着个体在学习中所采用的认知策略,以及在学业失败后所选择的应对方式,而认知策略和失败应对方式则直接对学习效果产生影响。     

Suppression During Binocular Rivalry Broadens Orientation Tuning

ABSTRACT— During binocular-rivalry suppression, an ordinarily visible stimulus is erased from awareness, but how is the sensory representation of that stimulus affected? Although it is established that rivalry suppression attenuates signal strength, the influence of suppression on signal fidelity remains unknown. Here, we show that noise plays a hitherto undiscovered role in the degradation of the percept under suppression. In Experiment 1, we measured psychometric functions for a stimulus presented under dominance and suppression, and found that the slope of these functions was shallower under suppression—a result suggesting that the signal representation was rendered noisier. Experiment 2 then revealed the source of this noise: An examination of the influence of suppression on the orientation bandwidth of noise masking showed that tuning bandwidth is significantly broadened under suppression. Thus, the discriminability of a suppressed stimulus is weakened not only by a general decrease in signal strength, but also by broader orientation tuning that introduces more noise in the neural representation of the suppressed stimulus.     

Grade differences in reading motivation among Hong Kong primary and secondary students

Background Most previous studies in Western societies have demonstrated a general decline in school motivation. However, it is not clear whether motivational decline occurs uniformly for all students. The moderating effects of individual and cultural differences on students' motivational decline need to be further explored. Aims This study aimed to examine the grade differences in students' reading motivation, including self‐efficacy, intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, and social motivation, in a Chinese educational context. Grade by gender and grade by school‐average achievement interactions were also checked to explore the role of individual differences in students' motivational changes. Sample A total of 1,794 students (860 boys and 934 girls) volunteered to take part in this study, of whom 648 were Grade 4–6 students from 11 primary schools, 627 were Grade 7–9 students from 12 junior secondary schools, and 519 Grade 10–11 students from 6 senior secondary schools. Method A Chinese version of the Motivation for Reading Questionnaire (CRMQ) was administered to all participants during regular class periods by their teachers. Reliability analyses and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were first undertaken to assess the psychometric quality of the CRMQ. Then, multisample CFA was conducted to examine whether the factor structure of the CRMQ was equivalent across students at different grade levels. Grade differences in various reading motivation constructs as well as grade × gender and grade × school‐average achievement interactions were examined using multiple‐indicator‐multiple‐causes modelling. Results The findings of this study supported the reliability and the factor structure of the CRMQ in measuring the reading motivation of Chinese students at different grade levels. The factor pattern of the CRMQ was invariant across primary, junior secondary, and senior secondary students in multisample CFA. As far as the scores on the four reading motivation constructs were concerned, students scored most highly on intrinsic motivation, followed by self‐efficacy, extrinsic motivation, and social motivation. Significant grade differences were found in all reading motivation constructs whereas only a few grade by gender and grade by school‐average interactions were found. Conclusion Consistent with previous studies in Western countries, the findings suggest that motivational decline is also a common phenomenon among Chinese students in Hong Kong. In addition, the pattern of motivational differences is generally consistent among students with different genders and from schools with different achievement levels. The implications of these findings for understanding Chinese students' reading motivation and for planning effective reading instruction to enhance their motivation are discussed.     

毒品注射致假性股动脉瘤的手术并发症和愈合不良的分析

探讨毒品注射导致假性股动脉瘤（femoralfalseaneurysm,FFA）的术后合并症或愈合不良的原因。分析10年来46例毒品导致FFA的围手术期并发症和愈合不良情况。结果46例患者中,髂股动脉缝扎后4例患肢缺血,1例人工血管感染,4例切口淋巴瘘,1例患肢肿胀,2例深静脉血栓,2例患肢麻痹,均经相应处理后好转。因此,综合评估毒品导致的FFA患肢的血供和假瘤,个体化选择手术方案,可减少术后并发症以及愈合不良。     

基于门户理论视角下的青少年物质成瘾

青少年物质成瘾行为受到普遍的关注, 成瘾物质滥用的机制一直是学者们探讨和研究的焦点。门户理论提出青少年发展成严重药物滥用者的过程存在顺序和阶段特征, 合法物质的使用会增加发展为非法药物使用的风险, 这种顺序效应得到了实证研究的支持。本研究在综述以往研究的基础上发现, 基于门户理论视角下青少年药物使用存在顺序效应, 但以往研究仍然存在一些不足, 例如药物使用顺序的不固定, 解释范围有限, 内在机制不清楚以及各种影响因素缺乏整合等。未来可以扩展研究对象和范围, 以深入研究顺序效应的内在机制。     

教师情绪智力和工作绩效的关系：工作家庭促进和主动行为的中介作用

采用整群抽样法对630名中小学教师进行调查,考察教师情绪智力与工作绩效之间的关系,以及工作家庭促进和主动行为在其中的中介作用。结果发现：（1）教师情绪智力、工作促进家庭、家庭促进工作和主动行为与工作绩效呈显著正相关;（2）教师情绪智力对工作绩效具有直接的正向预测作用,同时还通过家庭促进工作和主动行为的多重中介作用对工作绩效产生影响;（3）高低情绪智力对工作绩效的影响机制不同,低情绪智力通过家庭促进工作的部分中介作用影响教师工作绩效,高情绪智力通过家庭促进工作和主动行为的完全多重中介作用影响教师工作绩效;（4）工作家庭促进中工作促进家庭维度在教师情绪智力影响工作绩效中没有显著中介作用。     

Specific Virtues as Predictors of Smartphone Addiction among Chinese Undergraduates

Smartphones are important communication and technological tools that have become an indispensable part of university students’ lives. Although empirical research has evaluated factors that influence Smartphone addiction, few studies have explored positive and potentially protective factors such as virtues that may increase the efficacy of future Smartphone addiction prevention programs. Thus, this study examined the relationship between three key virtues (i.e., relationship, vitality, and conscientiousness) and Smartphone addiction as well as evaluated the specific contributions of these virtues as applied to Smartphone use among Chinese university students. A total of 682 undergraduates (aged 18–24 years) from three universities completed the 96-item Chinese Virtues Questionnaire and Mobile Phone Addiction Index. Results showed that three virtues were significantly correlated with Smartphone addiction. Specifically, conscientiousness and relationship virtues negatively predicted Smartphone addiction and explained 82.61% of addiction-related variance. Vitality positively predicted Smartphone addiction and accounted for the remaining 17.39% variance. Thus, this study demonstrated that conscientiousness and relationship virtues were potential protective factors for Smartphone addiction, while vitality led to increased vulnerability. Gender-related differences were also discovered. Specifically, male students may be more sensitive to the conscientiousness virtue, while female students may show increased sensitivity to the relationship virtue. Consequently, future efforts to prevent Smartphone addiction could focus on how to enhance conscientiousness and relationship virtues and how to reduce the vitality virtue.     

Illegal downloading of pop music among university students in Taiwan: An agent‐based model simulation

The lifestyle and consumption patterns of the current mobile generation (m‐generation), born after the Internet gained popularity, have changed dramatically. This study investigated university students' consumption attitude toward pop music and their behavior of illegally downloading such music by considering different law enforcement environments. In the first stage of our study, we designed and administered a questionnaire survey and collected 424 responses. The valid sample size was 394. On the basis of the sample, we developed a behavioral model that could be customized according to individual observation. In the second stage, we developed an agent‐based model for performing a simulation. This study divided law enforcement environments into combinations of the probability of being arrested engaging in illegal downloading behavior and the financial penalty after being caught. The results revealed that in an environment where the strength of law enforcement is increased, the agents' willingness to illegally download music in the model decreases. This empirical study highlighted that the deterrent effects in both the real world and simulated model were more sensitive to the probability of being caught primarily because of illegal downloading behavior. Therefore, the study suggests that for the m‐generation of the post‐Internet age, the most feasible approach to achieving instant results is through effective and certain law enforcement, which can effectively reduce the copyright infringement in the pop music industry caused by illegal downloading. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Visual arts in counselling adults with depressive disorders

This study provides a better understanding of using visual arts in counselling adults with depressive disorders. Three in-depth case studies were conducted in the counselling unit of a mental health hospital in Malaysia. Both qualitative and quantitative research methods were applied to explore three adult participants’ counselling experiences. They attended six individual counselling sessions, which included four art-making activities, and two after-session interviews, for approximately two months. Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis was used to analyse the qualitative data. The findings showed that through the therapeutic use of visual arts, the participants were able to explore and express various emotions, face their problems, communicate better with themselves and the counsellor, achieve a deeper self-understanding, and make meaningful progress in counselling, even though some of them experienced a sense of uncertainty at the beginning of some art-making activities.     

人工椎间盘置换术中的循证医学证据

循证医学（evidence—based medicine,EBM）作为一门新兴的交叉学科越来越广泛地被用来进行临床评估和决策。人工椎间盘置换技术的发展为椎间盘退行性病变的治疗提供了符合现代医学模式的新方法。循证医学在人工椎间盘置换研究中的应用不仅有助于为其提供可信、有力的临床证据,而且有丰富的哲学内涵。