克雷佩林连续加算法的初步研究

本研究遵循克雷佩林连续加算法的基本原则,参照内田-克雷佩林心理测验的基本形式和操作方法．并加以改进．编制了一套作业法测验,并建立了数量化评定指标——相对作业量。通过对近2500名学生被试进行初步研究,该测验具有较好的信度和效度,以相对作业量为标准可以较客观地判定作业曲线的凹陷和凸起等形态特征。这对于连续加法计算作业在中国的推广应用以及教育、科研、心理咨询、职业指导等工作具有重要的意义。     

记忆提示与表征能力对幼儿心理理论发展的影响

本研究通过经典的错误信念任务及修正后的错误信号和错误照片任务探讨了 3、4、5岁幼儿心理理论的发展以及记忆和表征对这一发展的影响。结果表明 ,3岁儿童还没有具备像 4、5岁儿童那样的心理理论 ;记忆上的帮助并不能提高幼儿在错误信念任务上的成绩 ;所有儿童都能够很好地表征目前及过去的事件     

How expected evaluation influences creativity: Regulatory focus as moderator

Two studies investigated the effect of expected evaluation and regulatory focus on individuals’ creative performance. In both studies, first, the type of evaluation (informational versus controlling) was manipulated, and then regulatory focus was measured as an individual difference (in Study 1) or induced as a state using a pencil-and-paper maze task (in Study 2). Results provided evidence that participants who expect an informational evaluation were more likely to adopt an eager strategy; whereas participants who expected a controlling evaluation were more likely to adopt a vigilant strategy. Furthermore, participants in promotion-informational and prevention-controlling groups (regulatory fit conditions) performed more creatively than those in promotion-controlling and prevention-informational groups (regulatory non-fit conditions). In sum, the present findings contribute to a better understanding of how external evaluations and basic motivational orientations influence creative performance.     

Caffeine cravings impair memory and metacognition

Cravings for food and other substances can impair cognition. We extended previous research by testing the effects of caffeine cravings on cued-recall and recognition memory tasks, and on the accuracy of judgements of learning (JOLs; predicted future recall) and feeling-of-knowing (FOK; predicted future recognition for items that cannot be recalled). Participants (N?=?55) studied word pairs (POND-BOOK) and completed a cued-recall test and a recognition test. Participants made JOLs prior to the cued-recall test and FOK judgements prior to the recognition test. Participants were randomly allocated to a craving or control condition; we manipulated caffeine cravings via a combination of abstinence, cue exposure, and imagery. Cravings impaired memory performance on the cued-recall and recognition tasks. Cravings also impaired resolution (the ability to distinguish items that would be remembered from those that would not) for FOK judgements but not JOLs, and reduced calibration (correspondence between predicted and actual accuracy) for JOLs but not FOK judgements. Additional analysis of the cued-recall data suggested that cravings also reduced participants’ ability to monitor the likely accuracy of answers during the cued-recall test. These findings add to prior research demonstrating that memory strength manipulations have systematically different effects on different types of metacognitive judgements.     

青少年对父亲认同结构模型研究

在文献分析、开放式问卷调查、个案访谈的基础上,通过实证研究探索青少年对父亲认同的结构模型,研究发现:青少年父亲认同结构模型涉及父亲的"品质素养"、"教育方式"、"父母关系"三大方面,包含坚韧乐观、消极狭隘、善良宽容、社会能力、温暖关爱、尊重信任、专制苛刻、夫妻和谐等8个一阶因子,能联合解释58.83%的总体变异;自编的青少年父亲认同问卷信效度良好,可应用于实践,为其他同类研究提供参考。     

Temporal and spectral dynamics underlying cognitive control modulated by task-irrelevant stimulus-response learning

Behavioral and recent neuroimaging findings have shown reversal of interference effects due to manipulating proportion congruency (PC), which suggests that task-irrelevant stimulus-response (S-R) associations are strengthened and applied to predict responses. However, it is unclear how the strengthened S-R associations are represented and applied in the brain. We investigated with a between-subjects PC paradigm of the Hedge and Marsh task using electroencephalography (EEG). The behavioral results showed the reversal of the conflict effects, suggesting that task-irrelevant S-R associations were strengthened and used to prepare responses. The EEG results revealed the PC-related reversal of the conflict effects in the frontocentral N2 and parietal P3b amplitudes. Time-frequency analyses showed more pronounced PC-related reversal of the conflict effects in theta band (4–8 Hz) activity in frontocentral sites. These results suggest that the strengthened S-R associations due to PC manipulation modulated cognitive control. Importantly, the amplitude of lateralized readiness potential was higher in the high-PC condition than in the low-PC condition, suggesting that the strengthened short-term-memory spatial S-R associations that modulated cognitive control were applied similarly to long-term-memory spatial S-R associations.     

交往不良同伴对男性未成年犯攻击行为的影响:道德推脱的中介作用

以社会学习理论为基础,运用问卷调查法,通过对368名男性未成年犯的调查,分析了交往不良同伴对攻击行为的影响以及道德推脱在这一影响过程中的中介作用。结果发现:(1)交往不良同伴与男性未成年犯的道德推脱存在显著正相关(γ=0.29, p<0.001),与攻击行为也存在显著正相关 (γ=0.32, p<0.001),同时,道德推脱与攻击行为存在显著正相关 (γ=0.45, p<0.001);(2)交往不良同伴会对男性未成年犯的攻击行为产生显著的正向影响(γ=0.34, p<0.001),道德推脱也会对攻击行为产生显著的正向影响(γ=0.44, p<0.001),同时,道德推脱在交往不良同伴影响攻击行为的过程中发挥着部分中介作用。     

4岁退缩儿童亚类型研究

本研究以4岁儿童为被试．通过对30分钟自由游戏的观察,其中的68名被鉴别为行为退缩儿童。聚类分析后他们被区分为三个亚类型,分别被命名为“被拒绝型”、“弱社交型”和“矛盾型”。在这三种退缩亚类型中,弱社交型退缩儿童所占比例最多,被拒绝型退缩儿童所占比例最少。4岁退缩儿童在性别比例上不存在差异,三个退缩亚类型的划分也与性别没有关系,这三种退缩亚类型的情绪和社会行为特征是不同的。     

元认知训练的动机增强效应

如何激发学习动机是当前教育工作者、心理学研究者都很关注的一个问题。干预动机变量已经被证明是一种可行的方法,我们认为,认知干预也是激发学习动机的一种有效途径。为了检验这一假设,本研究对47名初二学生进行为期三周的数学元认知训练。差异显著性检验表明,在元认知训练中,被试的动机和元认知都有一定改善;路径分析进一步表明,元认知的改善导致了动机的改善。这一结论为动机激发这一现实问题提供了一条新思路,并且使我们对于元认知与动机的关系形成了更为全面的认识。     

儿童4岁到7岁社交退缩行为的适应意义

本研究追踪了149名儿童4岁和7岁的抑制行为、安静退缩及活跃退缩行为,考察三种社交退缩行为与问题行为的关系。社交退缩由观察得到,问题行为分别由母亲和教师报告。结果表明,从4岁到7岁,儿童的三种社交退缩行为明显减少,抑制行为、安静退缩有较低的稳定性,活跃退缩不稳定。在两个年龄段,抑制行为都与内隐问题行为显著正相关。4岁的社交退缩不能预测7岁的问题行为。