药物成瘾者决策缺陷的特征、机制及干预

药物成瘾者存在决策缺陷, 并表现出冲动性、风险寻求、奖赏失调、躯体内感信号缺失等特征。神经影像学研究表明药物滥用导致成瘾者背外侧前额皮层、前扣带回、眶额叶皮层、腹内侧前额皮层、杏仁核、脑岛等脑区受损, 这些损伤是引发其决策缺陷的主要原因。认知训练有利于提高个体的决策能力, 如目标管理训练和正念冥想等可以增强个体工作记忆、促进自我觉察和以目标为导向的行为; 而非侵入性脑刺激则可以直接改变与成瘾者决策相关脑区的激活状态, 从而提升与决策相关的认知功能。总体而言, 未来认知训练和非侵入性脑刺激在成瘾干预方面仍有广阔的拓展空间。     

Gender‐specific factors associated with the suicidal ideation of children in Taiwan: A large‐scale cross‐sectional study

We examined the relationship between suicidal ideation (SI) and the depressed mood, life stress and parenting styles in children. A large‐scale survey was conducted including 5328 children from 65 elementary schools in Taiwan. SI was measured by asking children if any suicidal thoughts had occurred in the previous month. A series of regression models was analysed separately for male and female students. Compared with boys, girls demonstrated a higher proportion of SI. Among boys, SI was significantly associated with a high level of perceived environmental stress (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 2.61), a high degree of depressed mood (aOR = 2.39), authoritative (aOR = 1.72) and authoritarian (aOR = 2.53) parenting styles and two or more life‐stress events (aOR = 1.45). A high level of perceived environmental stress (aOR = 2.09), a high degree of depressed mood (aOR = 2.89) and an authoritarian parenting style (aOR = 1.76) were significantly associated with the SI in girls. Gender‐specific interventions aimed at preventing SI must enhance support systems at school and at home, particularly for students who suffer from a high degree of stress and depressed mood, and are subjected to an authoritarian parenting style.     

COMT基因对注意控制神经基础的调控效应：影像遗传学研究的元分析

为探索注意控制能力个体差异的遗传来源, 当前研究主要关注儿茶酚胺氧位甲基转移酶(catechol-O-Methyltransferase, COMT)基因对参与注意控制加工的前额叶脑区的调控作用。为进一步回答COMT基因是否也对全脑范围的注意脑区具有调控作用, 本文对17篇遗传影像学研究进行元分析。结果发现, COMT基因Val/Val (vv)基因型的被试在注意控制任务下, 不仅前额叶脑区的激活水平高于Met/Met(mm)基因型的被试, 在前扣带回和后扣带回等前额叶之外的脑区激活水平也高于mm基因型的被试, 而且在这些脑区的效应值(vv>mm)都较大(Cohen’s d > 0.8)。由此, 元分析结果表明：COMT基因不仅调控前额叶脑区, 而且对形成注意控制网络的多个脑区都有调控效应。此结果提示注意控制能力的个体差异可能部分的来自于COMT基因对注意控制网络的调控作用。     

气质性乐观与心理健康关系的元分析

运用元分析方法分别探讨了气质性乐观与心理健康的积极指标和消极指标的关系。共有106项研究满足了元分析的标准,涉及气质性乐观与心理健康积极指标的研究有70项,包括83个独立样本(N=30627);涉及气质性乐观与心理健康消极指标的研究有75项,包括105个独立样本(N=39064)。元分析结果发现:(1)整体上气质性乐观与心理健康积极指标有显著正相关(r=0.41),与心理健康消极指标有显著负相关(r=-0.41)。(2)气质性乐观与不同心理健康指标的相关有显著差异,积极指标中,与自尊的相关最高;消极指标中,与抑郁的相关最高。(3)气质性乐观测量工具的差异对其与心理健康的关系没有显著影响。(4)不同年龄阶段群体中气质性乐观与心理健康的关系没有显著差异。(5)文化背景差异对两者的关系有显著影响,西方文化中气质性乐观与心理健康的相关高于东方文化中的相关。     

Transient attention does increase perceived contrast of suprathreshold stimuli: a reply to Prinzmetal, Long, and Leonhardt (2008)

Carrasco, Ling, and Read (2004) showed that transient attention increases perceived contrast. However, Prinzmetal, Long, and Leonhardt (2008) suggest that for targets of low visibility, observers may bias their response toward the cued location, and they propose a cue-bias explanation for our previous results. Our response is threefold. First, we outline several key methodological differences between the studies that could account for the different results. We conclude that the cue-bias hypothesis is a plausible explanation for Prinzmetal et al.'s (2008) results, given the characteristics of their stimuli, but not for the studies by Carrasco and colleagues, in which the stimuli were suprathreshold (Carrasco, Ling, & Read, 2004; Fuller, Rodriguez, & Carrasco, 2008; Ling & Carrasco, 2007). Second, we conduct a study to show that the stimuli used in our previous studies are not near-threshold, but suprathreshold (Experiment 1, Phase 1). Furthermore, we found an increase in apparent contrast for a high-contrast stimulus when it was precued, but not when it was postcued, providing more evidence against a cue-bias hypothesis (Experiment 1, Phase 2). We also show that the visibility of the stimuli in Prinzmetal et al. (2008) was much lower than that of Carrasco, Ling, and Read, rendering their stimuli susceptible to their cue-bias explanation (Experiment 2). Third, we present a comprehensive summary of all the control conditions used in different labs that have ruled out a cue bias explanation of the appearance studies. We conclude that a cue-bias explanation may operate with near-threshold and low-visibility stimuli, as was the case in Prinzmetal et al. (2008), but that such an explanation has no bearing on studies with suprathreshold stimuli. Consistent with our previous studies, the present data support the claim that attention does alter the contrast appearance of suprathreshold stimuli.     

企业员工心理契约的结构维度

用所研制的心理契约问卷,先后通过6家和4家两个企业员工样本共1088名被试的调查,对心理契约结构维度进行探讨。探索性因素分析结果表明,心理契约组织责任和员工责任均由现实责任和发展责任两个因素构成。两因素结构的结果在验证性因素分析中得到了验证。最后对心理契约结构维度的构成、内容和含义及其与西方研究结果的异同进行了讨论。     

自我知觉积极偏向的理论解释和意义分析

许多研究者注意到了人在进行自我知觉时的积极偏向,并提出各种观点对其进行解释和论证;许多实证研究也从不同侧面揭示了这种乐观偏向的适应意义。本文对相关内容进行了综合和梳理,介绍了自我增强的动机、自尊的需要和实现趋向等理论观点;并概括出这一积极偏向在提高行为动机和成就表现、消除不良情绪以及增进身心健康和社会适应等方面所具有的积极作用。     

管理者责任心和工作绩效关系的研究

本研究旨在探讨管理者责任心和工作绩效间的关系。通过对236名管理者施测自编的管理者责任心问卷和修订的工作绩效问卷,结果发现：(1)服务取向和可依赖性对人际促进的预测效果较好;(2)服务取向、个人品德和有计划性对任务绩效的预测效果较好;（3）个人品德、有计划性和成就取向对工作奉献的预测效果较好;(4)管理者责任心对关系绩效的预测高于对任务绩效的预测。     

中小学教师情绪工作策略及特性与工作满意度的关系研究

以情绪工作的资源守恒为理论基础, 通过问卷调查, 探讨了368名中小学教师情绪工作策略及其特性与工作满意度的关系。结果发现:①表面行为策略与工作满意度负相关显著, 主动深度行为策略和被动深度行为策略与工作满意度正相关显著。②情绪表达多样性和持久性与工作满意度负相关显著, 并与表面行为策略成正相关显著, 与被动深度行为策略负相关显著;③表面行为策略在情绪表达多样性对工作满意度的影响起部分中介作用, 被动深度行为策略在情绪表达多样性对工作满意度的影响中起完全中介作用。     

耳蜗退行性病变疗效评价

耳蜗退行性病变所致疾病已成为影响人类生活质量的主要问题之一。本文从发病机制、影响因素、临床决策方面阐述耳蜗退行性病变的研究进展,为耳蜗退行性病变所致的耳聋、耳鸣等疾病的科学研究及临床对策制定提供参考。旨在干预耳蜗退行病变,降低其发生率,提高人们生活质量。