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11.
Women are more likely to employ landmark-based strategies when navigating, and they are superior at employing this type of strategy. The cause of this sexually dimorphic behaviour is unknown. Seventy-nine undergraduates performed a matrix navigation task wherein the symbols within the matrix were highly nameable. Participants were either given landmark-based or Euclidean-based instructions for navigation within the matrix. During navigation, participants were subjected to either articulatory or spatial interference. The articulatory interference selectively impaired women's ability to navigate correctly, regardless of the type of instruction. The performance of the men was not affected differentially by the two types of interference. When given a test of symbol recognition following the navigation task, women recognized more of the symbols employed in the task. Collectively, this result suggests that women rely on linguistic information more than men do when navigating, regardless of the type of instruction. 相似文献
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Semantic categorization in the human brain: spatiotemporal dynamics revealed by magnetoencephalography 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Löw A Bentin S Rockstroh B Silberman Y Gomolla A Cohen R Elbert T 《Psychological science》2003,14(4):367-372
We examined the cortical representation of semantic categorization using magnetic source imaging in a task that revealed both dissociations among superordinate categories and associations among different base-level concepts within these categories. Around 200 ms after stimulus onset, the spatiotemporal correlation of brain activity elicited by base-level concepts was greater within than across superordinate categories in the right temporal lobe. Unsupervised clustering of data showed similar categorization between 210 and 450 ms mainly in the left hemisphere. This pattern suggests that well-defined semantic categories are represented in spatially distinct, macroscopically separable neural networks, independent of physical stimulus properties. In contrast, a broader, task-required categorization (natural/man-made) was not evident in our data. The perceptual dynamics of the categorization process is initially evident in the extrastriate areas of the right hemisphere; this activation is followed by higher-level activity along the ventral processing stream, implicating primarily the left temporal lobe. 相似文献
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André Elias Mazawi 《Studies in Philosophy and Education》2011,30(2):169-183
The present paper offers a reflection on school textbooks produced and introduced by the Palestinian Authority in the West
Bank and Gaza Strip from the year 2000 onward. The aim is to examine the debates over these textbooks, by situating them over
the backdrop of larger geopolitical dynamics and intra-Palestinian social and political struggles. 相似文献
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Elias Robles Noah N. Emery Perla A. Vargas Araceli Moreno Brent Marshall Richard C. Grove 《The Journal of general psychology》2014,141(3):207-227
ABSTRACT. We explored the utility of analyzing within- and between-balloon response patterns on a balloon analogue task (BAT) in relation to overall risk scores, and to a choice between a small guaranteed cash reward and an uncertain reward of the same expected value. Young adults (n = 61) played a BAT, and then were offered a choice between $5 in cash and betting to win $0 to $15. Between groups, pumping was differentially influenced by explosions and by the number of successive unexploded balloons, with risk takers responding increasingly on successive balloons after an explosion. Within-balloons, risk takers showed a characteristic pattern of constant high rate, while non-risk takers showed a characteristic variable lower rate. Overall, results show that the higher number of pumps and explosions that characterize risk takers at a molar level, result from particular forms of adaptation to the positive and negative outcomes of choices seen at a molecular level.
Color versions of one or more of the figures in the article can be found online at www.tandfonline.com/vgen. 相似文献
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Yonker JE Adolfsson R Eriksson E Hellstrand M Nilsson LG Herlitz A 《Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition》2006,13(3-4):291-307
Studies of hormone therapy (HT) and cognition have yielded conflicting results. The aim of this observational study was to examine the effect of estradiol, via serum verified HT (estradiol, estriol, progesterone) and endogenous estradiol, on 108 healthy postmenopausal women's cognitive performance. The results demonstrated that the 43 HT-users performed at a significantly higher level than non-users on episodic memory tasks and on a verbal fluency task, whereas HT-users and non-users did not differ on tasks assessing semantic memory and spatial visualization. In addition, there was a positive relationship between serum estradiol level and episodic memory performance, indicating that postmenopausal HT is associated with enhanced episodic memory and verbal fluency, independent of age and education. These observational results suggest that HT use may be sufficient to exert small, yet positive effects on female sensitive cognitive tasks. Hormone therapy compliance and formulation is discussed as confounding factors in previous research. 相似文献
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Yaron G. Rabinowitz Mark G. Hartlaub Ericka C. Saenz Larry W. Thompson Dolores Gallagher-Thompson 《Journal of religion and health》2010,49(4):498-512
The current study explored the relationship between religious coping and cumulative health risk associated with health behavior
patterns in a sample of 256 Latina and Caucasian female caregivers of elderly relatives with dementia. Primary analyses examined
the relationship between religious coping (both positive and negative) and an overall index of cumulative health risk. Secondary
analyses were conducted on the individual health behaviors subsumed in the broader index. Findings revealed that negative
religious coping was significantly associated with increased cumulative health risk. Positive religious coping was predictive
of decreased cumulative health risk among Latina caregivers but not among Caucasians. Negative religious coping was significantly
associated with both an increased likelihood for weight gain and increased dietary restriction. Positive religious coping
was associated with decreased likelihood for weight gain in Latinas. Implications for both caregivers and clinicians are discussed. 相似文献