焦虑易感群体焦虑识别与消退中催产素的作用

如何准确识别并缓解焦虑易感群体的焦虑情绪具有重要的社会意义和应用价值。目前焦虑识别与消退的研究缺乏客观和直接的手段,而且在作用机制上也不清晰。本项目以催产素在高依恋焦虑个体焦虑识别与消退中的作用机制为主要研究内容,创造性地将焦虑识别与消退整合在催产素的研究框架内,从生理测量和药物干预的视角为焦虑识别和消退提供新的研究思路。研究成果对于理解焦虑反应中的神经荷尔蒙机制具有重要科学意义,也为高依恋焦虑群体的焦虑评估和干预提供了新的路径参考,对维护和提升个体的心理健康具有重要价值。     

“华人工作相关人格量表”的编制、意义与效度

该文介绍了“华人工作相关人格量表”及其意义、结构、效度的一系列研究。ＣＰＷ选取与人工作相关人格特点有关的题目,在传统人格维度的基础上,增加了服务了取向（ＣＳＯ）和管理才能（ＯＭＲ）这两个针对工作民表境的人格维度。信度分析表明了１５个量表都具可接受内部一致性信度,１５个ＣＰＷ量表分数与一个形容词检测表的相关分析结果支持了ＣＰＷ的内容效度,ＣＰＷ的相关矩阵和因素结构初步确证了ＣＰＷ的结构效度,进一步的     

Blocking cholesterol synthesis impairs acquisition of the classically conditioned eyeblink response.

Smith-Lemli-Opitz (SLO) syndrome is a congenital disorder characterized by severe mental retardation. Patients with SLO lack 7-dehydrocholesterol (7 dH) reductase, which catalyzes the last step of cholesterol synthesis. Administration of an agent that blocks 7 dH cholesterol reductase, BM 15.766 (BM), leads to a biochemical profile which resembles that of SLO patients, i.e., lower plasma, liver, and brain cholesterol levels accompanied by the appearance of the precursors 7 dH and 8 dH cholesterol. In this article we address the functional consequences of chronic BM treatment on new motor learning by assessing acquisition of the classically conditioned eyeblink response. Just-weaned rats were fed BM by gavage for four months, with half of these rats given exogenous cholesterol during the last two months of BM treatment. Acquisition of the eyeblink response was impaired in BM-treated rats. Impaired acquisition of the eyeblink response was not accompanied by alterations in responsiveness to either the conditioned or unconditioned stimulus. Exogenous cholesterol, a clinically relevant countertreatment, failed to correct for the learning impairment produced by BM treatment. Chronic treatment with a cholesterol synthesis-blocking agent impaired associative learning in just-weaned rats.     

阅读改变人生吗?阅读文学小说提升社会认知的争议

阅读文学小说曾经被认为只是大众消遣娱乐的方式,但最近的研究表明,阅读文学小说能够提升个体的社会认知。然而,有些研究并未发现阅读文学小说能够提升社会认知。本文首先批判性地分析支持和质疑“阅读文学小说提升社会认知”的相关证据,随后提出未来的研究将如何解决这一争论,包括开发新的研究工具和技术、明确文学与小说的操作性定义、确定读者的关键特征、创新研究设计等多个方面。     

论康德定言命令在推导实际义务方面的有效性

康德关于定言命令能有效推导出一切实际义务的主张在哲学史上一直受到广泛的批评。在那些批评者看来,定言命令作为一种普遍性、形式性的原则从逻辑上说是无法有效推导出任何实质性的内容的。然而,这种批评忽视了定言命令的公式Ⅰ("普遍公式")和公式Ⅰa("自然法公式")的区别及其意义。在《道德形而上学奠基》中,康德是用公式Ⅰa示范如何推导实际义务的。公式Ⅰa除了提出"普遍化"的形式性标准外,还由于涉及一种自然目的论,而提出了一种自然法意义上的实质性标准,即一个人对自己的完善和他人的幸福先天地负有义务。这一实质性标准保证了定言命令在推导实际义务方面的有效性,同时也赋予了康德道德哲学一种非常强烈的自然法特征。     

Negative expectations and bad relationships: Effects of negative metastereotypes on doctor–patient relationships

This research aimed to examine the effects of negative metastereotypes (i.e., patients believe that doctors have negative opinions about them) and conflict experience on doctor–patient relationships. A 2 × 2 experimental study was conducted on 84 outpatients who were randomly assigned to either a negative metastereotype activation (NMSA) condition or a nonnegative metastereotype activation (non‐NMSA) condition. Each group consisted of patients with and without conflict experience (CE). Intergroup anxiety and doctor–patient relationships were subsequently assessed. Results showed that NMSA and CE increased intergroup anxiety and undermined doctor–patient relationships. In addition, the interaction between NMSA and CE on doctor–patient relationships was significant. When negative metastereotypes were activated, patients with CE showed more unfavorable relationships with doctors as compared with those under non‐NMSA activation condition; no metastereotype effects on doctor–patient relationships were observed among patients without CE. These findings provided insights into an important predictor of doctor–patient relationships as well as its mechanism. Future studies should consider negative metastereotypes and CE to develop interventions for improving doctor–patient relationships.     

词汇的唤醒度对情绪标注效应的影响—ERPs研究

基于晚期阻断理论考察词汇唤醒度对情绪标注效应的影响,研究选择情绪面孔图片为实验材料,借助ERPs技术,以命名后的LPP波幅为指标,考察词汇的唤醒度对情绪标注效应的影响。结果发现：进行情绪标注时,与使用低唤醒度词相比,高唤醒度词条件下的LPP波幅更小;而进行非情绪标注时,差异不显著;无论词的唤醒度高或低,情绪标注与非情绪标注差异显著,情绪标注下LPP波幅更低。结果表明：进行情绪标注时,情绪词唤醒度越高抑制情绪的效果越好,而进行非情绪标注时则无影响;结果支持了晚期阻断理论。     

催产素对不安全依恋者人际适应性的影响

催产素被誉为“爱的荷尔蒙”, 与依恋有着密切关系。以往研究已证明不同来源的催产素对不安全依恋者的人际适应性会产生不同的影响, 主要表现为内源性催产素水平越低, 不安全依恋者的人际适应性越差; 外源性催产素增强了依恋回避个体的人际适应性, 但降低了高依恋焦虑个体的人际适应性; A、G等位基因与不安全依恋者的人际适应性有关。此外还借助依恋理论和社会显著假说解释了上述影响, 不安全依恋者的防御性排斥、环境因素和个体差异调节了催产素的效应。未来应比较催产素受体基因与不安全依恋者人际适应性关系的差异, 催产素影响不安全依恋者人际适应性的性别差异问题, 并在人际互动过程中研究催产素对不安全依恋者人际适应性的影响, 以增强催产素研究的生态效度。     

Marginalized maximum a posteriori estimation for the four-parameter logistic model under a mixture modelling framework

The four-parameter logistic model (4PLM) has recently attracted much interest in various applications. Motivated by recent studies that re-express the four-parameter model as a mixture model with two levels of latent variables, this paper develops a new expectation–maximization (EM) algorithm for marginalized maximum a posteriori estimation of the 4PLM parameters. The mixture modelling framework of the 4PLM not only makes the proposed EM algorithm easier to implement in practice, but also provides a natural connection with popular cognitive diagnosis models. Simulation studies were conducted to show the good performance of the proposed estimation method and to investigate the impact of the additional upper asymptote parameter on the estimation of other parameters. Moreover, a real data set was analysed using the 4PLM to show its improved performance over the three-parameter logistic model.     

Chinese Landscape Painting and the Study of Being: An Imagined Encounter Between Martin Heidegger and Xia Gui

In this paper, we pose a speculative encounter between Heidegger and the Chinese Song Dynasty landscape painter Xia Gui. Our intention is to reassess Heidegger’s theory of the fourfold. By placing the concept in a cross-cultural context, we argue that Heidegger was essentially correct in that the world is structured as a fold between interrelated elements. At the same time, we challenge the quantity and quality of the folded elements. If one turns to the work of Xia Gui in conjunction with relevant Daoist texts, what one finds is a threefold structure to the world, composed of earth, sky, and mortals without Heidegger’s emphasis on divinities. In conclusion, we suggest that studying the folding structure of the world ought to be done through cultural comparisons of philosophical and aesthetic traditions in order to understand the potentiality for worldhood as an xfold.