威廉·詹姆斯与具身认知心理学

威廉·詹姆斯是美国心理学的创始人,被世人称为"美国心理学之父"。他创造了一整套的心理学理论,包括在具身认知兴起的过程中,他也发挥了重要的、不可替代的作用。而具身认知主要指在人们的认知过程中身体发挥着重要的关键作用,亦即认知是人们通过身体的具体体验及其活动方式而产生的。文章主要通过具身认知的兴起来了解在詹姆斯的一整套心理学理论中所包含的具身认知思想以及探究詹姆斯在其中发挥的重大作用。     

Enhanced conflict-driven cognitive control by emotional arousal,not by valence

Emotion is widely agreed to have two dimensions, valence and arousal. Few studies have explored the effect of emotion on conflict adaptation by considering both of these, which could have dissociate influence. The present study aimed to fill the gap as to whether emotional valence and arousal would exert dissociable influence on conflict adaptation. In the experiments, we included positive, neutral, and negative conditions, with comparable arousal between positive and negative conditions. Both positive and negative conditions have higher arousal than neutral ones. In Experiment 1, by using a two-colour-word Flanker task, we found that conflict adaptation was enhanced in both positive and negative contexts compared to a neutral context. Furthermore, this effect still existed when controlling stimulus–response repetitions in Experiment 2, which used a four-colour-word Flanker task. The findings suggest emotional arousal enhances conflict adaptation, regardless of emotional valence. Thus, future studies should consider emotional arousal when studying the effect of emotion on conflict adaptation. Moreover, the unique role of the emotional context in conflict-driven cognitive control is emphasised.     

The Compatibility between Bodhisattva Compassion and ‘No-self’

Since arguably Bodhisattva Practice (bodhisattva-carya) is the foundation of Mahayana Buddhist ethics, it is significantly important for Bodhisattva compassion to be compatible with other Buddhist doctrines, specifically with the doctrine of ‘no-self ’ (anatta). There are two thoughts on the relation between compassion and ‘no-self ’: they are compatible or incompatibility. Most Buddhist authors accept the former view. However, the principal problem with the two views is that their arguments have not been singled out. So the acceptance or denial of the compatibility may not be well grounded. This paper is to identify and evaluate the arguments for and against the agreeability, and to defend the compatible view.     

卢森堡理解资本主义现代形态的模式创新及其哲学意蕴

罗莎·卢森堡在<资本积累论>(1913)中提出了资本积累必须以非资本主义环境为前提、资本主义的现代形态是"资本积累的世界竞争阶段"和"最后阶段"的理论.这一理论的依据在于"资本积累不能在纯粹的资本主义社会内部实现"的论断.尽管卢森堡否定马克思的社会资本扩大再生产图式、重新建构资本积累模型的理论尝试是错误的,但是她对资本主义横向扩展的研究,特别是她强调资本主义"通过排挤落后的生产形态而发展"的新观点,在全球化资本主义不断扩展的今天仍然具有十分重要的理论价值和实践意义.就哲学方法论而言,卢森堡的"资本积累论"成为"西方马克思主义"的"总体性"思想的来源之一.     

Chinese kindergartners’ automatic processing of numerical magnitude in Stroop-like tasks

Using Stroop-like tasks, this study examined whether Chinese kindergartners showed automatic processing of numerical magnitude. A total of 36 children (mean age 5 5 years 10 months) were asked to perform physical size comparison (i.e., “Which of two numbers is bigger in physical size?”) and numerical magnitude tasks (i.e., “Which of two numbers is bigger in numerical magnitude?”) on 216 number pairs. These number pairs varied in levels of congruence between numerical magnitude and physical size (for Stroop effect) and numerical distance (for distance effect). On the basis of analyses of response time and error rates, we found that Chinese kindergartners showed automatic processing of numerical magnitude. These results are significantly different from previous studies’ findings about the onset age (ranging from around the end of first grade to third grade) for automatic processing of numerical magnitude.     

情绪评价任务中抑郁个体的分心抑制机制实验研究

本实验使用情绪负启动技术,在情绪评价任务中考察了抑郁个体和正常被试对正、负情绪词分心抑制方面的差异。结果显示,与控制条件下相比,非抑郁控制组被试在负启动条件下对探测显示中正、负性靶子词的反应时间更长;抑郁个体只表现在对探测显示中正性靶子词反应时的延长,负性靶子词未出现负启动效应。结果说明,抑郁个体对负性信息存在抑制机制障碍,对负性信息的偏向与选择性注意中的维持成分有关。这提示心理治疗家应该注重训练抑郁个体对负性信息的抑制能力,预防抑郁复发的目标应集中在注意持续的控制上。     

马克思“三大社会形式”理论的原像——析望月清司对《大纲》解读的两个“贯穿”和一个拒斥

日本马克思学者望月清司在其代表作《马克思历史理论的研究》中,以"纯粹培养"(Reinkultur)马克思的方式,通过从《1844年经济学哲学手稿》和《穆勒评注》到1857-1858年《政治经济学批判大纲》的文本解读,对马克思的历史理论作出了自己的独特解释。我们认为,望月对上述诸文本的解读都是偏颇的,有必要逐一加以辨正。由于《政治经济学批判大纲》是望月立论的核心依据,本文首先就其对这一文本的解读进行澄清,主要有三个问题:一是所谓"依赖关系"史论,二是所谓"劳动和所有的同一性"逻辑,三是望月对所谓"异化统治论"的拒斥。我们认为,只有清除望月对这三个问题的曲解,才能真正弄清马克思在该书中提出的"三大社会形式"理论的原像。     

先述参与者的优势及句子不同成分的可提取性

考察了复合句中先述参与者在可提取性上的优势及句子连贯性因素对这种优势现象的影响。同时,采用系列一同时呈现的方式,考察了句子不同成分的可提取性。     

抑郁症患者识别情绪词时执行功能实验研究

为了研究抑郁症患者识别汉语情绪词时的执行功能特征,采用神经扫描仪STIM刺激反应系统记录16名抑郁症患者和18名正常对照组执行四类Go／No go汉语情绪词识别作业时的反应时和正确率,抑郁自评量表(SDS)评价抑郁严重程度,自动思维问卷(ATQ)评价负性认知偏差程度。结果发现,识别正／负性词时抑郁症组反应时均明显延长,正确率明显降低。组内方差分析显示,随着情绪词识别作业难度增加,正常对照组正／负性词反应时缩短,正确率逐渐提高,且不受双重作业任务的影响。抑郁症组则表现为反应时延长,正确率变化不明显。重复测量多因素方差分析显示。词性、作业、组别间因素对反应时的主效应均有显著性意义;组别间因素对正确率的主效应均有显著性意义。抑郁症患者SDS、ATQ分与反应时、正确率相关无显著性。提示抑郁症患者区分正负性汉语情绪词时存在执行功能障碍。