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11.
采用学习—测试二阶段实验范式,对比了类别标签与类别特征在类别特征推理中的极化效应.研究结果表明,在类别标签组,标签匹配项目上的特征推理分数显著高于标签不匹配项目上的特征推理分数;在特征标签组,标签匹配项目上的特征推理分数与标签不匹配项目上的特征推理分数之间差异不显著.类别标签组的失匹配分数显著高于特征标签组.即在类别特征推理任务中,类别标签的极化效应显著高于类别特征的极化效应,因此,类别标签与类别特征存在本质差异,类别标签在类别特征推理中起主导作用.而且,本研究还发现,高前提概率条件下的特征推理分数都显著高于低前提概率条件下的特征推理分数,所以,前提概率也影响类别特征推理任务. 相似文献
12.
Shuguang Yao Junbo Chen Xiaobo Yu Jinyan Sang 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》2017,36(3):585-592
This study examined the effect of self-esteem on subjective well-being, with focus on confirmation of mediator roles of interpersonal forgiveness and self-forgiveness among a sample of 475 college students. The participants completed a questionnaire packet that includes Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, Heartland Forgiveness Scale, and Subjective Well-Being Scale. Results revealed that self-esteem, interpersonal forgiveness, and self-forgiveness were all significantly correlated with subjective well-being. Bootstrap results indicated that both interpersonal forgiveness and self-forgiveness partially mediated self-esteem to subjective well-being. Structural equation modeling analysis also revealed significant paths from self-esteem to subjective well-being through both interpersonal forgiveness and self-forgiveness. 相似文献
13.
Christopher J. Adams Holly Hough Rae Jean Proeschold-Bell Jia Yao Melanie Kolkin 《Pastoral Psychology》2017,66(2):147-175
Clergy experience a large number of stressors in their work, including role overload and emotional labor. Although studies have found high rates of depression in clergy, the degree of work-related burnout in clergy compared to other occupations is unknown. The widely used Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) measures three aspects of burnout: emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal accomplishment. We sought studies using comparable versions of the MBI for clergy; for social workers, counselors, and teachers because of those occupations’ emotional intensity and labor; and for police and emergency personnel because of the unpredictability and stress-related physiological arousal in those occupations. We found a total of 84 studies and compared the ranges of burnout scores between the studies of clergy, each additional occupation, and MBI published mean norms. Compared to U.S. norms, clergy exhibited moderate rates of burnout. Across the three kinds of burnout, clergy scores were relatively better than those of police and emergency personnel, similar to those of social workers and teachers, and worse than those of counselors. Clergy may benefit from burnout prevention strategies used by counselors. The moderate levels of burnout found for clergy, despite the numerous stressors associated with their occupation, suggest that clergy generally cope well and may be models to study. Overall, there is room for improvement in burnout for all professions, especially police and emergency personnel. It is important to remember the variation within any profession, including clergy, and prevent and address burnout for those in need. 相似文献
14.
Yawei Guo;Shengjie Lin;Zachary J. Williams;Tarek C. Grantham;Jiajun Guo;Lili Q. Cole Clark;Wenting Zou; 《创造性行为杂志》2024,58(2):209-226
Cross-cultural studies on creativity, mainly focusing on the creative potential aspect (e.g., divergent thinking), are emerging in recent years. However, the creative self-belief (e.g., creative self-efficacy) aspect of creativity is under-researched cross-culturally. Moreover, studies that address the measurement invariance of creativity assessments to ensure the measures' sound psychometric properties cross-culturally are rare. Thus, we aimed to address (a) the measurement invariance and (b) the mean comparisons of divergent thinking and creative self-efficacy between American and Chinese adults in two studies. Study 1 investigated four divergent thinking (DT) tests (Line Meanings, Uses, Instances, and Consequences) between American (n = 341) and Chinese (n = 345) college students. Multi-group confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) for fluency-supported scalar invariance based on a three-factor model (removing one Instances item) and those on originality-supported partial scalar invariance (freeing Uses intercepts) based on a three-factor model. American respondents exhibited higher latent means on fluency and originality compared to their Chinese counterparts. Study 2 investigated a creative self-efficacy (CSE) scale between American (n = 302) and Chinese (n = 316) college students. Multi-group CFA supported scalar invariance based on a one-factor model (removing one item). Latent mean comparisons showed no difference in CSE across the two groups. 相似文献
15.
Yiqun Wu;Jingyi Xu;Yishan Shen;Yijie Wang;Yao Zheng; 《Journal of personality》2024,92(5):1299-1314
Having higher levels of mainstream cultural orientation (MCO), an important component of acculturation attitudes and behaviors, is beneficial for ethnic/racial minority students during the transitions into university. Scant research has investigated MCO at a micro daily timescale. This study examined how personality (agreeableness) functions in conjunction with interpersonal processes (inter-ethnic contact and perceived discrimination) to influence MCO as daily within-person processes. 相似文献
16.
Yutong Chen;Leann Wills;Hannah Wise;Bradley T. Erford;Ruonan Yao; 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》2024,102(4):406-414
Hazardous or harmful alcohol use is very prevalent among the US population. With 15.1 million adults in the United States currently identified as having an alcohol use disorder, identifying hazardous and harmful drinking earlier is necessary for early intervention strategies. The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test's (AUDIT) strong psychometric properties lead it to be a screening tool of choice across countries, cultures, and subgroups. A psychometric analysis aggregates all available evidence of reliability and validity to support the use of an instrument for screening, diagnosis, and treatment planning. AUDIT internal consistency for the 10-item total scale was α = 0.817 (n = 247,963). The two-factor model had the most structure validity support and aggregated convergent validity comparisons with other alcohol use assessments ranged from r = 0.578 to r = 0.701. The optimal cutoff score for diagnostic validity was 6/7, rather than the 8 recommended by the AUDIT authors. Clinically appropriate use and interpretation of the AUDIT as well as study limitations and suggestions for future research were discussed. 相似文献
17.
The Amusement Park Theory of Creativity, which represents both domain-specific and domain-general perspectives of creativity, calls for more research on how individual difference constructs are related to creativity at all ends of the domain-specificity and general spectrum. Toward this goal, this study examined emotional intelligence (using the Emotional Intelligence Scale) in relationship with both a domain-general measure (the Abbreviated Torrance Test for Adults) and a domain-specific measure (Kaufman Domains of Creativity Scale) in a sample of 281 Chinese undergraduates. Although emotional intelligence demonstrated no relationship with divergent thinking, it did positively predict all five domains of creativity on the self-report measure (ranging from .52 to .77). These findings add to the nuanced relationship between emotional intelligence and creativity and serve as a call for more work of this nature. 相似文献
18.
Herbert W. Marsh Philip D. Parker Jiesi Guo Reinhard Pekrun Geetanjali Basarkod 《欧洲人格杂志》2020,34(2):180-202
The concept of self is central to personhood, but personality research has largely ignored the relevance of recent advances in self-concept theory: multidimensionality of self-concept (focusing instead on self-esteem, an implicit unidimensional approach), domain specificity (generalizability of trait manifestations over different domains), and multilevel perspectives in which social-cognitive processes and contextual effects drive self-perceptions at different levels (individual, group/institution, and country) aligned to Bronfenbrenner's ecological model. Here, we provide theoretical and empirical support for psychological comparison processes that influence self-perceptions and their relation to distal outcomes. Our meta-theoretical integration of social and dimensional comparison theories synthesizes five seemingly paradoxical frame-of-reference and contextual effects in self-concept formation that occur at different levels. The effects were tested with a sample of 485,490 fifteen-year-old students (68 countries/regions, 18,292 schools). Consistent with the dimensional comparison theory, the effects on math self-concept were positive for math achievement but negative for verbal achievement. Consistent with the social comparison theory, the effects on math self-concept were negative for school-average math achievement (big-fish-little-pond effect), country-average achievement (paradoxical cross-cultural effect), and being young relative to year in school but positive for school-average verbal achievement (big-fish-little-pond effect—compensatory effect). We demonstrate cross-cultural generalizability/universality of support for predictions and discuss implications for personality research. © 2020 European Association of Personality Psychology 相似文献
19.
Jiin-huarng Guo Wei-ming Luh 《The British journal of mathematical and statistical psychology》2020,73(2):316-332
The equality of two group variances is frequently tested in experiments. However, criticisms of null hypothesis statistical testing on means have recently arisen and there is interest in other types of statistical tests of hypotheses, such as superiority/non-inferiority and equivalence. Although these tests have become more common in psychology and social sciences, the corresponding sample size estimation for these tests is rarely discussed, especially when the sampling unit costs are unequal or group sizes are unequal for two groups. Thus, for finding optimal sample size, the present study derived an initial allocation by approximating the percentiles of an F distribution with the percentiles of the standard normal distribution and used the exhaustion algorithm to select the best combination of group sizes, thereby ensuring the resulting power reaches the designated level and is maximal with a minimal total cost. In this manner, optimization of sample size planning is achieved. The proposed sample size determination has a wide range of applications and is efficient in terms of Type I errors and statistical power in simulations. Finally, an illustrative example from a report by the Health Survey for England, 1995–1997, is presented using hypertension data. For ease of application, four R Shiny apps are provided and benchmarks for setting equivalence margins are suggested. 相似文献
20.