Average-KR schedule benefits generalized motor program learning

The main purpose of this study was to examine the effects of average Knowledge of Results (KR) on generalized motor program learning and parameter learning. Two groups of participants (n = 15 per group) performed 80 acquisition trials of sequential timing tasks. All participants were asked to depress sequentially four keys (2, 4, 8, and 6) on the numeric pad portion of the computer keyboard with the index finger of the right hand. The author presented average feedback on timing errors based on 5-trial blocks and compared this feedback schedule with every-trial feedback. Analysis of the delayed no-feedback retention test indicated a strong advantage for the average KR compared with the every-trial condition in both generalized motor program learning and parameter learning. The current results suggest that the average KR schedule may have positive effects on generalized motor program learning and parameter learning.     

家人情感卷入对老年自我刻板印象的影响：基于潜变量增长模型的分析

本研究使用问卷法对257名老年人进行了历时1年的3次追踪测试, 采用潜变量增长模型与交叉滞后回归分析考察了家人情感卷入与老年自我刻板印象的变化趋势, 家人情感卷入发展与老年自我刻板印象发展的关系, 以及家人情感卷入对老年自我刻板印象的时序效应。结果发现：(1)老年人感知到的家人情感卷入在1年内呈线性递减, 而老年自我刻板印象呈线性增长; (2)家人情感卷入的初始水平负向预测老年自我刻板印象的初始水平与增长速率; (3)家人情感卷入的下降速率也显著预测了老年自我刻板印象的增长速率; (4)交叉滞后回归分析进一步支持了老年人家人情感卷入对老年自我刻板印象的总体负向预测作用。本研究为老年刻板印象内化的家庭过程提供了理论支持, 并对减少老年刻板印象内化、改善消极老年自我刻板印象的干预具有一定的实践价值。     

Using a Kinect sensor to acquire biological motion: Toolbox and evaluation

Biological motion (BM) is the movement of animate entities, which conveys rich social information. To obtain pure BM, researchers nowadays predominantly use point-light displays (PLDs), which depict BM through a set of light points (e.g., 12 points) placed at distinct joints of a moving human body. Most prevalent BM stimuli are created by state-of-the-art motion capture systems. Although these stimuli are highly precise, the motion capture system is expensive and bulky, and its process of constructing a PLD-based BM is time-consuming and complex. These factors impede the investigation of BM mechanisms. In this study, we propose a free Kinect-based biological motion capture (KBC) toolbox based on the Kinect Sensor 2.0 in C++. The KBC toolbox aims to help researchers acquire PLD-based BM in an easy, low-cost, and user-friendly way. We conducted three experiments to examine whether KBC-generated BM can genuinely reflect the processing characteristics of BM: (1)?Is BM from this source processed globally in vision? (2)?Does its BM (e.g., from the feet) retain detailed local information? and (3)?Does the BM convey emotional information? We obtained positive results in response to all three questions. Therefore, we think that the KBC toolbox can be useful in generating BM for future research.     

Effects of perceptual and conceptual similarities on consumers' evaluations of copycat brand names

Copycats often choose brand names that mimic perceptual, conceptual, or both elements of leading brand names. Yet little is known about how perceptual and conceptual similarities of a copycat interact to affect consumers' evaluations, especially in logographic language systems (e.g., Chinese). Three laboratory experiments demonstrate that perceptual similarity alone leads to negative evaluations of copycat brand names; this negative effect, however, can be mitigated when conceptual similarity is added. The underlying mechanism for this effect can be traced to consumers' persuasion knowledge. Perceptual (vs. conceptual) similarity activates consumers' persuasion knowledge about the insincere motives of the copycat brand, which in turn shapes their brand evaluations. However, this effect can become less prominent when conceptual similarity is added because it alleviates use of persuasion knowledge, or when a consumer is in a happy mood because it neutralizes persuasion knowledge. These findings shed light on how different types of copycat strategies interact to affect copycat brand name evaluations and offer important implications for marketing practice. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

新员工入职期望及其影响因素

以403名企业新员工为调查对象,使用Lisrel8.20对新员工入职期望问卷(NPEQ)的结构进行验证,并建立了入职期望产生的结构方程模型。结果显示:①入职期望三维度结构得到初步验证,NPEQ具有良好的结构效度。②工作、团队和企业期望之间存在显著正相关,工作期望是入职期望中最重要的维度。③在校经历对工作期望有正向的影响作用,自身压力对工作期望有负向的影响作用;团队期望受在校经历和企业期望的直接影响;企业期望同时受到招聘过程、在校经历、自身压力和他人期望的影响。     

"火神庙"非祆庙辨

入华火袄教研究领域的部分学者在论及宋元以后的火祆教遗痕时,不同程度地存在着将祆神与中国传统火神相混淆的情况.这种误解最初始自我国火袄教研究的奠基者陈垣先生,但遗憾的是,后来的研究者不但没有将陈垣先生的这一未及深入研究的判断予以厘清,部分学者反而完全混淆了袄神与中国传统火神的区别,以致于将方志文献中所见中国传统的火神庙误作祆庙了.本文结合文献资料对此进行了详细考辨,指出宋元以后祆神的内涵虽然发生了很大变化,但人们并没有将其与中国传统的火神相混淆,明清方志文献中所见的火神庙实是祭祀中国传统火神的场所,与祆神祆庙无涉.学者们实是因自身认识不足而致误,本文因而进一步分析了致误的原因.     

Think, blink or sleep on it? The impact of modes of thought on complex decision making

This paper examines controversial claims about the merit of "unconscious thought" for making complex decisions. In four experiments, participants were presented with complex decisions and were asked to choose the best option immediately, after a period of conscious deliberation, or after a period of distraction (said to encourage "unconscious thought processes"). In all experiments the majority of participants chose the option predicted by their own subjective attribute weighting scores, regardless of the mode of thought employed. There was little evidence for the superiority of choices made "unconsciously", but some evidence that conscious deliberation can lead to better choices. The final experiment suggested that the task is best conceptualized as one involving "online judgement" rather than one in which decisions are made after periods of deliberation or distraction. The results suggest that we should be cautious in accepting the advice to "stop thinking" about complex decisions.     

中小学数学教师数感内隐观的调查研究

该研究以131名中小学数学教师为被试,采用调查分析的方法,编制了数感结构选项表,考察了中小学数学教师的数感结构内隐观。结果显示：中小学数学教师的数感结构内隐观所涉及的范围广泛,经因素分析可以把它概括为6个因素。它们分别是：数学运算、数学认知因素、非书面计算能力、理解数与运算的意义、对数的认识与直觉、数符号表征能力。