中学生内疚和羞耻情境量表的编制及适用:基于多元文化背景下中学生道德情感研究*

旨在编制中学生内疚和羞耻情境模拟量表并初步考察不同民族中学生内疚和羞耻的特点。对2000名混合学校中学生进行施测。项目分析显示,高、低分组被试在大部分项目上差异显著,量表中的20个项目基本符合心理测量学要求;信度分析显示量表的内部一致性系数分别为0.86和0.87,分半信度分别为0.81和0.83;因素分析表明其结构效度良好。总体而言,中学生的内疚感显著高于羞耻感,且均随年级增高而逐渐增加;女生的内疚感和羞耻感显著高于男生。量表的信效度均达到了心理测量学的基本要求,可用于不同民族中学生的测试。     

The Knowledge Argument against Physicalism: Its Proponents and Its Opponents

The knowledge argument usually takes the form of a thought experiment where the subject, having some psychological deficiency, lacks any introspective data to derive the knowledge of her experience. Most defenders of the knowledge argument see the argument as both a support of dualism and an objection to any full-blooded form of physicalism. However, this paper argues that the knowledge argument against physicalism may be directed, in an exactly parallel form, against reductive dualism; moreover, although most physicalists who are the opponents of the knowledge argument do not give any convincing response to the knowledge argument, some kinds of physicalism can live with the knowledge argument.     

联结竞争对听写困难儿童形音联结编码的影响

听写困难是一种发生率较高的儿童学习障碍现象。听写困难的认知机制,主要包括语音加工缺陷、字形表征缺陷以及形音联结编码缺陷。本研究通过两个实验,考察了整字语音竞争和部件语音竞争,对听写困难儿童形音联结编码的影响。结果发现,在不同条件下,听写困难儿童的形音联结水平都落后于正常儿童;整字语音竞争显著干扰了正常儿童的形音联结编码,但对听写困难儿童的影响并不明显;与之相反的是,部件语音竞争对听写困难儿童的干扰更为明显。研究结果支持听写困难儿童的形音联结编码缺陷理论。在此基础上,听写困难儿童的形音联结较少受到整字语音的竞争干扰,但更容易受到部件语音的竞争干扰,这可能是因为,他(她)们的整体字形加工或表征存在缺陷,导致原生字字形和语音信息难以被激活,以及合体字的部件信息得到更多的加工所致。     

Norms of valence,arousal, concreteness,familiarity, imageability,and context availability for 1,100 Chinese words

In the present study, we collected valence, arousal, concreteness, familiarity, imageability, and context availability ratings for a total of 1,100 Chinese words. The ratings for all variables were collected with 9-point Likert scales. We tested the reliability of the present database by comparing it to the extant Chinese Affective Word System, and performed split-half correlations for all six variables. We then evaluated the relationships between all variables. Regarding the affective variables, we found a typical quadratic relation between valence and arousal, in line with previous findings. Likewise, significant correlations were found between the semantic variables. Importantly, we explored the relationships between ratings for the affective variables (i.e., valence and arousal) and concreteness ratings, suggesting that valence and arousal ratings can predict concreteness ratings. This database of affective norms will be a valuable source of information for emotion research that makes use of Chinese words, and will enable researchers to use highly controlled Chinese verbal stimuli to more reliably investigate the relation between cognition and emotion.     

表面相似性对数量关系和相对大小关系理解的影响

研究采用数量关系匹配任务和相对大小关系匹配任务,通过高表面相似性、低表面相似性和交叉映射三种实验条件,探讨表面相似性对儿童和成人数量与相对大小关系理解的影响。研究一对37名4岁儿童进行三次每次间隔半年的追踪测查,结果表明4~5岁间儿童理解数量关系和相对大小关系的水平有显著提高;4岁儿童对数量关系的理解受到表面相似性的影响,4~5岁儿童对相对大小关系的理解受到表面相似性的影响。研究二探究44名成人数量和相对大小关系理解的特点,结果发现,成人完成两种关系匹配任务时也受到表面相似性的影响。     

Lotus Blossom or Dragon Lady: A Content Analysis of “Asian Women” Online Pornography

A content analysis was undertaken to consider the depiction of sexual behaviors in a random sample of videos from the “Asian Women” category of content on Xvideos.com, which is the largest and most popularly visited free online pornography tube site in US. The study has shown that women in the Asian women category were depicted very differently from women in other categories of pornography. Women in Asian women category of pornography were treated less aggressively. In addition, women in Asian women category were less objectified but also had lower agency in sexual activities. Thus, the Asian women stereotype in current pornography is closer to “Lotus Blossom” and far away from “Dragon Lady”. The results are considered in terms of their potential to influence the perceptions of content consumers.     

Differential effect of aging on synaptic plasticity in the ventral and dorsal striatum

Both the ventral and dorsal striatum are involved in various forms of motor, motivational and learning behaviors. Previously, we demonstrated that several striatum-dependent motor and learning behaviors were reduced in mice with increased age. In this study, we investigated the effects of aging on synaptic plasticity in brain slices containing the nucleus accumbens (NAc) or caudate-putamen (CPu), using electrophysiological recordings. We showed that long-term depression (LTD) was reduced or absent in the NAc of aged C57BL/6 mice, whereas the amount of LTD in the CPu of young and aged mice was similar. The LTD induced by 10-Hz stimulation is NMDAR-dependent in the NAc, but NMDAR-independent in the CPu. Our results suggest that NAc LTD may be more sensitive than CPu LTD to the effects of normal aging with a possibility that NMDAR-dependent LTD may be more susceptible to the aging process than non-NMDAR LTD. We also showed that paired-pulse facilitation was diminished in the NAc and CPu in aged mice, suggesting that aging is accompanied by significant decline in presynaptic function in both the ventral and dorsal striata. The age-related reduction in synaptic plasticity may be a cellular mechanism underlying the age-related impairments in striatum-dependent motor and cognitive functions.     

人脸的类别与特定身份信息提取方式研究

人脸身份信息的提取方式一直是人脸研究中颇有争议的问题之一,以往的研究通过对名字和职业等语义信息的提取速度差异的比较,对此问题提出了两类观点,即人脸身份信息的加工是系列加工或平行加工.这两种观点一直争论不休,一些研究者提出了各种理论试图解释二者的争论.但是人脸身份信息中包括类别信息和特定信息,二者的加工可能是不同的路径,而以往的研究却混淆了这两种身份信息,使得系列还是平行的争议建立在不同的层面上.本研究通过操纵提取身份信息的不同任务以及线索类型.比较人脸和名字的作业差异,从而探讨两种类型身份信息的加工机制.本研究有助于进一步了解人脸身份信息提取的机制,丰富人脸身份信息提取的理论研究,同时对模式识别也具有重要的实践意义.     

Response readiness modulates the development of association-based automaticity in masked priming

The current study investigated the role of the automatization of stimulus and response (S-R) associations and response readiness in triggering the motor activation for masked primes in two experiments. The automatization of associations was manipulated by employing different types of stimuli, and response readiness was manipulated by varying the relative frequency of Go trials in a modified Go/No-Go task. Compatibility (compatible and incompatible), stimulus type (arrows and parallel lines), and test session (Sessions 1, 2, and 3) were manipulated in a high response-readiness condition (Experiment 1) and in a low response-readiness condition (Experiment 2). Negative compatibility effects (NCEs) occurred regardless of session and experiment in the arrow stimuli condition. However, in the parallel-line stimuli condition, no significant compatibility effect (CE) appeared regardless of the experiment in Sessions 1 and 2, whereas a significant NCE appeared in Experiment 1 but not in Experiment 2 in Session 3. These results are consistent with the claim that motor activation can only occur if the association between specific stimuli and specific responses has been automatized by previous practice, and response readiness can modulate the development of automaticity, but this modulation will have a minimal effect once the association is automatized. The findings also provide experimental evidence for the assumption that the formation of association-based automaticity could be modulated by top-down control (e.g., response readiness).     

西方有关择偶启事的研究和论争

文章梳理了自20世纪70年代至本世纪初,西方以择偶启事为研究蓝本的择偶标准与择偶策略研究,展示了西方研究者运用进化心理学理论、社会学习理论与社会交换理论,对一般异性恋择偶,择偶启事回复率、初婚和再婚人士择偶,同性恋、异性恋、双性恋择偶间比较,以及网络启事择偶几方面的研究历程;预测了未来择偶启事研究的趋势应是几种理论间观点的相互借鉴与整合