Improved statistics for contrasting means of two samples under non‐normality

This paper presents the asymptotic expansions of the distributions of the two‐sample t‐statistic and the Welch statistic, for testing the equality of the means of two independent populations under non‐normality. Unlike other approaches, we obtain the null distributions in terms of the distribution and density functions of the standard normal variable up to n^?1, where n is the pooled sample size. Based on these expansions, monotone transformations are employed to remove the higher‐order cumulant effect. We show that the new statistics can improve the precision of statistical inference to the level of o (n^?1). Numerical studies are carried out to demonstrate the performance of the improved statistics. Some general rules for practitioners are also recommended.     

以"自由"为核心的普世价值观念与中国伦理学

"自由"是现代市场经济制度的必然要求,并且表达着生活在现代市场经济制度中的"人"的理想.在当今世界,谁掌握了普世价值观念的话语权,谁就占据了道义制高点,就在国际交往中处于主动地位.但是西方国家至今垄断着普世价值观念的话语权,对中国的"妖魔化"正愈演愈烈,我们则处在欲辩无词的窘境.中国的现代伦理学应当高举"自由"的旗帜,从"自由"这些普世价值观念的角度深入和系统地总结改革开放以来的成功经验,从而丰富和发展马克思主义,进一步建构和完善社会主义核心价值体系.在经济全球化的背景中,在历史给定的不同民族文化传统和不同生活方式的基础上,通向"自由"的道路永远敞开着新的可能性.     

Environmental enrichment improves behavioral performance and auditory spatial representation of primary auditory cortical neurons in rat

Environmental enrichment (EE) has an important role in brain plasticity. Early research has shown that EE increases the response strength of neurons in the auditory cortex, but it remains unknown whether EE can influence the process of spatial localization in the auditory system. In this study, we raised rats in enriched and standard conditions from postnatal day 10 to day 56. By testing behavioral tasks via auditory cues, we have shown that EE improved the number of correct scores, but decreased the reaction time and azimuth deviation in behavioral performance of sound-azimuth discrimination. By in vivo extracellular recording, we have shown that EE enhanced the directional sensitivity of neurons in the primary auditory cortex. For example, EE rats had a smaller spatial receptive field, sharper frequency tuning curve and directional selective curve of auditory neurons compared with normal rats. Our findings indicate that early exposure to EE increases directional sensitivity. These results provide an insight into developmental plasticity in the auditory system.     

工作绩效的结构及其与胜任特征的关系

本研究旨在验证党政领导干部对下级工作绩效评定的结构,并探讨其与胜任特征之间的关系。两个省市的450名党政领导干部完成了对自己下级的工作绩效和胜任特征的评定。结果表明,评定下级干部工作绩效的两因素结构,即任务指向和个人素质,得到了验证;分别以工作绩效的两个二阶因素为因变量,以胜任特征的七个维度为预测变量进行逐步回归分析,胜任特征可以解释工作绩效的“才”和“德”成分54．5％和55．3％的变异。胜任特征和工作绩效中“德”和“才”的成分之间存在复杂的关系,既可以相互促进,也可以交互抑制。文中还对这一结果的含义及本土化研究的意义进行了深入讨论。     

青少年自我描述归类与人格维度特点

对青少年自我描述的内容进行归类时发现,依据不同的归类标准会得到不同的人格结构。500多名青少年学生提供了620个不同的对自我的描述,除9个项目属于对身体和家庭状况的描述外,所有的人格特征既可以归属到中国青少年人格结构的19个二级因素,又可以归属到西方大五人格结构的30个层面。这一结果表明,外显的人格特征分类无法准确表达人格结构的实际构成,人格结构的确定还需要实证评定及对内隐结构的探索。文中还讨论了心理学研究中国化（本土化）的思路与策略。     

青少年网络游戏行为的心理需求研究

在质的研究及理论分析的基础上,构建了16-24岁青少年网络游戏行为的心理需求模型,然后根据该模型编制问卷,进行了量的研究。探索性与验证性因素分析的结果表明:(1)青少年网络游戏心理需求问卷由现实情感的补偿与发泄、人际交往与团队归属、成就体验三个维度组成,具有良好的信度和效度指标,可以施用;(2)青少年对网络游戏的心理需求程度与其对网络游戏的使用程度显著相关。     

多重模型疗法简介

多重模型疗法(Multimodal Therapy)是由美国临床心理学家阿诺德     

A Cross-Cultural and Developmental Analysis of Self-Esteem in Chinese and Western Children

In this review, we examine the construct of self-esteem from a cross-cultural perspective in Chinese and Western children and adolescents. We also explore the role of childrearing practices in the development of self-esteem in these different cultures. In doing so, we first review the concepts of emic (i.e., variations in patterns of behavior within a given culture) and etic research (i.e., variations in common patterns of behavior or activities across cultures). Then, we invoke Berry's notions of “imposed-etic” and “derived-etic” approaches (J. Berry, 1989) in understanding crucial cross-cultural differences that are evident in the literature. We pose basic questions such as: (1) What does self-esteem “look” like in Chinese children? (2) How do childrearing practices in China influence the development of self-esteem in children? And, (3) what are the limitations of cross-cultural research in understanding a phenomenon such as self-esteem? We suggest that self-esteem does not “mean” the same things across these collectivist and individualistic cultures. We conclude our discourse with specific recommendations for clinical theory, research, and practice.     

樟柳碱所致学习和记忆障碍动物模型的探讨

本实验采用水迷津法、步下法和步入法,用樟柳碱制备学习和记忆障碍的动物模型。结果表明,樟柳碱(10毫克/公斤)可使小鼠引起学习障碍,其表现为通过水迷津全程的时间延长,而且小鼠进入盲路的错误次数明显增多。樟柳碱(10毫克/公斤)可使小鼠引起记忆障碍,在樟柳碱的影响下,小鼠步下平台或步入暗箱的潜伏期明显缩短,并使它们的错误次数增多。本实验结果进一步表明,测定小鼠的记忆障碍,步入法似乎比步下法更为敏感。