抗SARS中若干价值观的一项调查

运用情境性故事投射法．以抗SARS为背景编撰关于公正、关爱、公众、敬业、宽容诸价值观念为主题的五个情境故事为刺激材料,以427名大学生和职业青年为对象进行了问卷调查,对他们在与抗SARS有关的上述五个价值观念上的反应倾向及其积极性反应倾向在个体、社会、原则三水平理由上的特点作了探究。     

实践的控制

实践是人的存在方式,实践造就了人。但这并不表明实践应该被人类奉为圣物而崇拜!当实践仅仅被当作工具理性和政治理性的代名词而对自然界及人类社会进行改造时,实践就有可能使人类陷入一个自己为自己设下的牢笼之中。因此,反思实践,控制实践,才能确保人类社会的和谐安宁和人与自然的可持续发展。     

幼儿心理理论与情绪理解发展及关系的研究

本研究采用横断设计,以北京市某幼儿园大、中、小班共98名幼儿为被试,通过对其心理理论、情绪理解及语言能力的测试,考察幼儿心理理论和情绪理解的发展状况以及二者之间的关系。研究结果表明：(1)幼儿的心理理论和情绪理解在3～5岁期间发生了巨大的变化,在5岁的时候大多数的幼儿已经基本上具备了心理理论和情绪理解的能力,4岁是幼儿心理理论和情绪理解能力发展的关键年龄;(2)幼儿的心理理论和情绪理解的相关显著,即使在控制了语言和年龄的影响后,心理理论能力仍然和情绪理解能力在总体上相关显著;(3)在排除了语言和年龄的影响后,对他人错误信念的理解能力和情绪观点采择能力的相关也仍然显著。     

心理实验系统E-Prime介绍及其应用

心理实验正在进一步计算机化,文章介绍了这种发展趋势,概述了心理实验系统的发展,并重点介绍了标准化实验系统E-Prime。文中概述了E-Prime的功能及其与DMDX的比较,介绍了E-Prime作为实验教学系统和实验生成系统在实验教学和实验研究的应用,讨论了E-Prime应用中的一些问胚。     

字形信息在藏——汉双语者汉字词识别中的作用

采用启动范式下的真假字词判断任务,在两种SOA(60ms、100ms)条件下,考察字形信息在藏-汉双语者汉字识别中的作用。结果表明:(1)字形信息促进了语音信息的激活,字形信息影响了汉字识别的相对时间进程。(2)在汉字识别过程中,藏-汉双语者亚词汇单元的语音信息没有得到激活。(3)对于藏-汉双语者来说,语音信息的激活早于字形信息的激活。研究结果对我国少数民族学生的汉语教学具有重要的参考价值。     

A Meta-Analysis of Working Memory Impairments in Autism Spectrum Disorders

Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are characterized by executive dysfunction, and working memory (WM) comprises one core component of executive function. Many studies have investigated WM impairments in individuals with ASD, however, a conclusive agreement has not been reached. The present study provided a meta-analytic review of WM impairments in individuals with ASD and evaluated potential moderating variables of this problem. Twenty-eight studies were included in this study, and the participants comprised 819 individuals with ASD and 875 healthy controls. A significant WM impairment (Cohen’s d?=??0.61) was identified in the individuals with ASD, however, this impairment was not associated with age. Results of moderation analyses showed that (a) spatial WM was more severely impaired than verbal WM and (b) the component of cognitive processing (maintenance vs. maintenance plus manipulation) did not affect the severity of WM impairments. These findings suggest that WM is impaired in individuals with ASD and may have implications for interventions related to WM impairments in these individuals.     

Social contexts modulate neural responses in the processing of others’ pain: An event-related potential study

Two hypotheses have been proposed regarding the response that is triggered by observing others’ pain: the “empathizing hypothesis” and the “threat value of pain hypothesis.” The former suggests that observing others’ pain triggers an empathic response. The latter suggests that it activates the threat-detection system. In the present study, participants were instructed to observe pictures that showed an anonymous hand or foot in a painful or non-painful situation in a threatening or friendly social context. Event-related potentials were recorded when the participants passively observed these pictures in different contexts. We observed an interaction between context and picture in the early automatic N1 component, in which the painful pictures elicited a larger amplitude than the non-painful pictures only in the threatening context and not in the friendly context. We also observed an interaction between context and picture in the late P3 component, in which the painful pictures elicited a larger amplitude than the non-painful pictures only in the friendly context and not in the threatening context. These results indicate that specific social contexts can modulate the neural responses to observing others’ pain. The “empathic hypothesis” and “threat value of pain hypothesis” are not mutually exclusive and do not contradict each other but rather work in different temporal stages.     

Using support vector machines to identify literacy skills: Evidence from eye movements

Is inferring readers’ literacy skills possible by analyzing their eye movements during text reading? This study used Support Vector Machines (SVM) to analyze eye movement data from 61 undergraduate students who read a multiple-paragraph, multiple-topic expository text. Forward fixation time, first-pass rereading time, second-pass fixation time, and regression path reading time on different regions of the text were provided as features. The SVM classification algorithm assisted in distinguishing high-literacy-skilled readers from low-literacy-skilled readers with 80.3 % accuracy. Results demonstrate the effectiveness of combining eye tracking and machine learning techniques to detect readers with low literacy skills, and suggest that such approaches can be potentially used in predicting other cognitive abilities.     

简易自我放松催眠对学习疲劳的缓解作用

以简化的自生训练为基础,并整合进传统催眠和NLP经验擎技术的有效成分,编制易于学生自我操作,并能在课间或课后短时间内完成的,有利于心理放松的简易自我放松催眠方法,检验其对中学生学习疲劳的缓解作用.以382名高中生为对象,采用实验组对照组前测后测设计,以韦克斯勒成人智力测验中的译码分测验作为缓解学习疲劳、恢复认知水平的指标.结果表明,译码测验成绩实验组优于对照组,且差异显著;实验组后测成绩优于前测成绩,差异也很显著,说明简易自我放松催眠可以有效缓解学习疲劳,并能在一定程度上恢复认知水平.     

伦理学发展面临的挑战、困境和出路

当代中国伦理学在取得巨大进步的同时,也面临着一些挑战和困境.它们主要表现在伦理学的学科性质、出发点和目的以及道德原则等方面.这需要从现代伦理学的发展趋势、唯物史观的人本理念、个人与集体的关系、马克思的"三形态理论"以及目的和手段的相互转化等方面对此进行回应和探讨.